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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pers. 2012 Apr 26;80(3):769–793. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00746.x

Table 4. Single Degree of Freedom Main Effect Contrasts and Standardized Effect Size Estimates (d) for Concurrent Age-18 Personality and Age-18 Substance Use Groups.

Age-18 Personality Parameter Standard Error t Value p Value Effect Size Lower Limit Upper Limit
Positive emotionality
 Abs-Exp .551 1.05 .52 .601 .053 −.147 .254
 Exp-PU .951 .905 1.05 .293 .092 −.080 .264
Positive emotionality— Agentic (females)
 Abs-Exp 6.242 1.566 3.99 <.001 .535 .272 .797
 Exp-PU 3.360 1.434 2.34 .019 .288 .047 .528
Positive emotionality— Agentic (males)
 Abs-Exp 2.276 1.661 1.37 .171 .210 −.090 .511
 Exp-PU −.072 1.326 −.05 .957 −.007 −.247 .233
Positive emotionality— Communal
 Abs-Exp −5.353 1.188 −4.50 <.001 −.443 −.636 −.250
 Exp-PU −1.293 1.020 −1.27 .205 −.107 −.273 .059
Negative emotionality
 Abs-Exp −.875 1.085 −.81 .420 −.082 −.282 .118
 Exp-PU −.422 .93 −4.53 <.001 −.396 −.568 −.225
Constraint
 Abs-Exp 6.840 1.130 6.05 <.001 .600 .406 .794
 Exp-PU 8.611 .970 8.88 <.001 .755 .589 .922

Note. Standardized effect size (Cohen’s d)was computed as adjusted mean of first named group minus adjusted mean of second named group divided by residual standard deviation. Except for agentic positive emotionality, covariates included in the ANCOVA models were gender, SES, and age at baseline. For agentic positive emotionality, the separate ANCOVA models for males and females only included SES and age at follow-up. Bolded values represent significant main effect contrasts following a Holm-based modified Bonferroni correction. Abs = Abstainers (age-18); Exp = Experimenters (age-18); PU = Problem Users (age-18).