Fig. 1.

Radiographic illustration showing the measurements for (A) mechanical axis deviation (MAD) and (B) mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) and mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA). MAD is defined as the distance from a line connecting the midpoints of the hip and ankle joint to the midpoint of the knee joint. The mLDFA is the lateral angle between the connection of the midpoints of the hip and knee with the joint line (normal value 88° (85–90°)). The mMPTA is the medial angle between a line connecting the midpoint of the knee and ankle and the knee joint line (normal value 87° (85–90°))