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. 2012 Mar 2;2:295. doi: 10.1038/srep00295

Figure 4. Monocytes produce TNF-α to induce expression of PD-L1.

Figure 4

(A) TNF-α was assayed in supernatants from isolated CD14+ monocytes cultured overnight without stimulation. Horizontal lines represent mean values. (B) PD-L1 protein levels on monocytes in the same culture was assayed by flow cytometry; TNF-α positively correlated with PD-L1 expression on monocytes in SLE patients in remission. (C) TGF-β protein levels in monocyte supernatants. (D) Correlation between TGF-β and PD-L1 protein levels on monocytes. Cytokine levels between healthy controls and SLE patient groups were compared using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Correlations were determined by the Spearman's rank correlation test.