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Reaction rates can be assessed using 13C tracer kinetics. In the brain, intravenous infusion of 1-13C glucose leads to positional enrichment of several cerebral metabolites (A), including glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), aspartate (Asp), and GABA. Metabolic modeling of the timecourses of enrichment (B) (●, C4-Glu; ○, C4-Gln; ▲, C2-GABA) yields estimated reaction rates (e.g., TCA cycle flux, neurotransmitter cycling).
