Table 5. Overview of non-invasive translational imaging techniques to visualise stroke deficits.
Overview of non-invasive translational imaging techniques to visualise stroke deficits. Shaded imaging techniques involve exposure to radioactivity and serial measurements are often difficult to achieve. MRI is gradually emerging as a core assessment technique. However, PET and SPECT are far superior to MRI in assessing specific cellular and molecular aspects of stroke damage (e.g. microglia, apoptosis).
| Technique | Scan Type | Pathology | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | T2 | Ischaemic Lesion | (Berger et al. 1998; Bihel et al. 2009; Siemonsen et al. 2009) |
| Haemorrhage | (Chen et al. 2008; Tsubokawa et al. 2007) | ||
| Diffusion | Ischaemic Lesion | (Sood et al. 2007; Srivastava et al. 2008; Taheri et al. 2009) | |
| Perfusion | Blood Flow | (Ebinger et al. 2009; Ma et al. 2009; Poppe et al. 2009; Rivers et al. 2006; Zaro-Weber et al. 2009) | |
| Diffusion Tensor | White Matter Damage | (Bihel et al. 2009; Lindberg et al. 2009; Yu et al. 2009) | |
| Functional | Loss of Activity | (Carvalho et al. 2008; Geisler et al. 2006; Murata et al. 2006) | |
| Spectroscopy | Metabolite Changes (↓NAA) | (Kang et al. 2009; Lei et al. 2009; Munoz Maniega et al. 2008) | |
| Angiogram | Vessel Occlusion | (Khan et al. 2009) | |
| Electron Paramagentic Resonance Imaging | Brain Oxygen | (Shen et al. 2009) | |
| Computer Tomography (CT) | Structural | Ischaemic Lesion | (Andersen et al. 2009) |
| Haemorrhage | (Andersen et al. 2009) | ||
| Angiogram | Vessel Occlusion | (Delgado Almandoz et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2009; Maas et al. 2009; Nikolova et al. 2009; Puetz et al. 2009) | |
| Perfusion | Blood Flow | (Blau et al. 2000) | |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | 15O | Blood Flow | (Zaro-Weber et al. 2009) |
| 11C-PK11195 | Microglia | (Rojas et al. 2007; Schroeter et al. 2009) | |
| 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose | Metabolism | (Martin et al. 2009; Schroeter et al. 2009) | |
| 18F-fluoroacetate | Glial Metabolism | (Marik et al. 2009) | |
| 18F-Flumazenil | Penumbra | (Massaweh et al. 2009) | |
| 18F-5-fluoropentyl-2-methyl- malonic acid | Apoptosis | (Reshef et al. 1998) | |
| Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) | 99mTc-HMPAO | Blood Flow | (Kaakinen et al. 2006; Umemura et al. 2000) |
| Transcranial Ultrasound (TUS) | 99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer | Blood Flow | (Murakami et al. 2008) (Holzer et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2009; Nikolova et al. 2009; Schreiber et al. 2009) |