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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 2.

Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2012 Jan 24;110(5):701–715. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.259507

Ca²⁺ oscillations and division of pCSCs A: Duration of the phases of the cell cycle in embryonic pCSCs. B: DNA content in embryonic pCSCs before synchronization, and 1 and 8 hours after cell synchronization in mitosis. C: Ca²⁺ oscillations in synchronized pCSCs during the different phases of the cell cycle. *^,†P<0.05 vs. G1 and S, respectively. D: pCSCs synchronized in G1: Ca²⁺ oscillations induced by ATP favor cell replication, while inhibition of Ca²⁺ oscillations by U73122 and xestospongin-C (XeC), or reduced expression of IP3 receptor type-2 by sh-RNA have opposite effects. *^,†P<0.05 vs. Ctrl and ATP alone, respectively. Baseline condition (Base): pCSCs infected with control vector. E: Symmetric (left) and asymmetric (central and right) division of pCSCs. Asymmetric division (right) results in the expression of Nkx2.5 in one of the two daughter cells. F: IP3 receptor function modulates the fate of dividing pCSCs. *^,†P<0.05 vs. symmetric division (S) and Ctrl, respectively. A, asymmetric division.

Ca²⁺ oscillations and division of pCSCs A: Duration of the phases of the cell cycle in embryonic pCSCs. B: DNA content in embryonic pCSCs before synchronization, and 1 and 8 hours after cell synchronization in mitosis. C: Ca²⁺ oscillations in synchronized pCSCs during the different phases of the cell cycle. *^,†P<0.05 vs. G1 and S, respectively. D: pCSCs synchronized in G1: Ca²⁺ oscillations induced by ATP favor cell replication, while inhibition of Ca²⁺ oscillations by U73122 and xestospongin-C (XeC), or reduced expression of IP3 receptor type-2 by sh-RNA have opposite effects. *^,†P<0.05 vs. Ctrl and ATP alone, respectively. Baseline condition (Base): pCSCs infected with control vector. E: Symmetric (left) and asymmetric (central and right) division of pCSCs. Asymmetric division (right) results in the expression of Nkx2.5 in one of the two daughter cells. F: IP3 receptor function modulates the fate of dividing pCSCs. *^,†P<0.05 vs. symmetric division (S) and Ctrl, respectively. A, asymmetric division.