Table 3.
Overall patient characteristics and their association with outcomes, based on abnormality cut-off (score ≤ 85) and on each Bayley Scale using latest observation of patients
| Frequency of abnormality on | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Cognitive scale | Motor scale | Language scale | |||||
| Variable | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 45 | 42.5 | 16 | 35.6 | 14 | 31.1 | 18 | 40.0 |
| Female | 61 | 57.5 | 30 | 49.2 | 26 | 42.6 | 27 | 44.3 |
| Place of birth | ||||||||
| Born before arrival | 4 | 3.8 | 2 | 50 | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 25.0 |
| Inborn | 98 | 93.3 | 44 | 44.9 | 38 | 38.8 | 43 | 43.9 |
| Outborn at another clinic or hospital | 2 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||||
| Normal delivery | 34 | 32.1 | 16 | 47.1 | 12 | 35.3 | 14 | 41.2 |
| Vaginal breech | 2 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Caesarean | 68 | 64.8 | 28 | 41.2 | 26 | 38.2 | 30 | 44.1 |
| Presentation | ||||||||
| Breech | 11 | 10.5 | 4 | 36.4 | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 27.3 |
| Transverse | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Vertex | 93 | 88.6 | 41 | 44.1 | 7 | 7.5 | 41 | 44.1 |
| Hypothermia at birth | ||||||||
| No | 102 | 96.2 | 46 | 45.1 | 39 | 38.2 | 45 | 44.1 |
| Yes | 4 | 3.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Resuscitation at birth | ||||||||
| No | 70 | 66.0 | 30 | 42.9 | 21 | 30.0 | 25 | 35.7 |
| Yes | 36 | 34.0 | 16 | 44.4 | 19 | 52.8 | 20 | 55.6 |
| Sepsis (Early/late onset) | ||||||||
| No | 91 | 86.7 | 42 | 46.2 | 33 | 36.3 | 38 | 41.8 |
| Yes | 14 | 13.3 | 4 | 28.6 | 7 | 50.0 | 7 | 50.0 |
| Blood transfusion given | ||||||||
| No | 74 | 69.8 | 36 | 48.7 | 30 | 40.5 | 32 | 43.2 |
| Yes | 32 | 30.2 | 10 | 31.3 | 10 | 31.3 | 13 | 40.6 |
| KMC care done | ||||||||
| No | 10 | 9.4 | 4 | 40.0 | 4 | 40.0 | 6 | 60.0 |
| Yes | 95 | 89.6 | 41 | 43.2 | 35 | 36.8 | 38 | 40.0 |
| Ventilatory support given (IPPV/NCPAP) | ||||||||
| No | 82 | 77.4 | 35 | 42.7 | 29 | 35.4 | 32 | 39.0 |
| Yes | 24 | 22.6 | 11 | 45.8 | 11 | 45.8 | 13 | 54.2 |
| Surfactant given | ||||||||
| No | 91 | 85.8 | 39 | 42.9 | 33 | 36.3 | 36 | 39.6 |
| Yes | 15 | 14.2 | 7 | 46.7 | 7 | 46.7 | 9 | 60.0 |
| HIV exposed | ||||||||
| No | 48 | 67.6 | 23 | 47.9 | 21 | 43.8 | 20 | 41.7 |
| Yes | 23 | 32.4 | 10 | 43.5 | 8 | 34.8 | 10 | 43.4 |
| Antenatal steroids given | ||||||||
| No | 61 | 57.6 | 29 | 47.5 | 21 | 34.4 | 25 | 41.0 |
| Yes | 45 | 42.5 | 17 | 37.8 | 19 | 42.2 | 20 | 44.4 |
| Syphilis exposed | ||||||||
| No | 105 | 99.1 | 46 | 43.8 | 39 | 37.1 | 44 | 41.9 |
| Yes | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 1 | 100.0 |
| PDA | ||||||||
| No | 101 | 95.3 | 45 | 44.6 | 38 | 37.6 | 42 | 41.6 |
| Yes | 5 | 4.7 | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 3 | 60.0 |
| Hypotension | ||||||||
| No | 105 | 99.1 | 46 | 43.8 | 40 | 38.1 | 45 | 42.9 |
| Yes | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| NEC | ||||||||
| No | 104 | 98.1 | 45 | 43.3 | 39 | 37.5 | 45 | 43.3 |
| Yes | 2 | 1.9 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| PVL | ||||||||
| No | 104 | 98.1 | 45 | 43.3 | 39 | 37.5 | 44 | 42.3 |
| Yes | 2 | 1.9 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Dilated ventricles | ||||||||
| No | 100 | 95.2 | 43 | 43.0 | 38 | 38.0 | 42 | 42.0 |
| Yes | 5 | 4.8 | 3 | 60.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 3 | 60.0 |
| IVH Grade | ||||||||
| 0 | 91 | 85.9 | 41 | 45.1 | 35 | 38.5 | 40 | 44.0 |
| 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 2 | 12 | 11.3 | 5 | 41.7 | 3 | 25.0 | 4 | 33.3 |
| 3 | 2 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 |
| Birth Weight | ||||||||
| < 750 g | 3 | 2.8 | 1 | 33.3 | 1 | 33.3 | 2 | 66.7 |
| 750-900 g | 5 | 4.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| 900-1000 g | 8 | 7.6 | 4 | 50.0 | 5 | 62.5 | 4 | 50.0 |
| 1000-1250 g | 53 | 50.0 | 24 | 45.3 | 23 | 43.4 | 25 | 47.2 |
| ≥ 1250 g | 37 | 34.9 | 17 | 46.0 | 10 | 27.0 | 14 | 37.8 |
| Gestational Age | ||||||||
| ≤ 28 | 26 | 24.5 | 11 | 42.3 | 9 | 34.6 | 11 | 42.3 |
| 28-30 | 26 | 24.5 | 10 | 38.5 | 10 | 38.5 | 10 | 38.5 |
| 30-32 | 27 | 25.5 | 11 | 40.7 | 11 | 40.7 | 14 | 51.9 |
| 32-34 | 19 | 17.9 | 11 | 57.9 | 8 | 42.1 | 7 | 36.8 |
| > 34 | 8 | 7.6 | 3 | 37.5 | 2 | 25.0 | 3 | 37.5 |
| Duration of Hospital stay (days) | ||||||||
| < 30 | 27 | 25.5 | 12 | 44.4 | 6 | 22.2 | 7 | 25.9 |
| 30-40 | 30 | 28.3 | 14 | 46.7 | 12 | 40.0 | 19 | 63.3 |
| 40-50 | 21 | 19.8 | 8 | 38.1 | 10 | 47.6 | 6 | 28.6 |
| ≥ 50 | 28 | 26.4 | 12 | 42.9 | 12 | 42.9 | 13 | 46.4 |
| Duration of Intensive Care (days) | ||||||||
| < 6 | 9 | 60.0 | 4 | 44.4 | 4 | 44.4 | 6 | 66.7 |
| ≥ 6 | 6 | 40.0 | 2 | 33.3 | 2 | 33.3 | 3 | 50.0 |
| Duration of supplemental oxygen (days) | ||||||||
| < 10 | 70 | 73.7 | 31 | 44.3 | 24 | 34.3 | 26 | 37.1 |
| 10-30 | 11 | 11.6 | 3 | 27.3 | 4 | 36.4 | 5 | 45.5 |
| ≥ 30 | 14 | 14.7 | 6 | 42.9 | 7 | 50.0 | 9 | 64.3 |
| 5 minute Apgar | ||||||||
| < 6 | 18 | 18.0 | 7 | 38.9 | 10 | 55.6 | 7 | 38.9 |
| ≥ 6 | 82 | 82.0 | 37 | 45.1 | 29 | 35.4 | 37 | 45.1 |