Table 3.
Frequency distribution of ERI and Overcommitment items
| M | SD | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effort-Reward Imbalance | 0.75 | 0.45 | 19.3 | |
| Effort | ||||
| Effort1 | Frequently there is great time pressure | 2.77 | 1.09 | 22.8 |
| Effort2 | I am frequently interrupted and disturbed | 2.62 | 1.05 | 17.2 |
| Effort3 | Often I feel as never being off duty | 2.77 | 1.34 | 33.0 |
| Effort4 | I would need more hours in the day to accomplish all | 2.42 | 1.30 | 22.1 |
| Effort5 | My family work has become larger and larger | 2.55 | 1.20 | 22.0 |
| Effort6 | I have to do a 'thousand things' all at the same time | 2.90 | 1.14 | 30.7 |
| Effort7 | I'm overwhelmed by the large number of responsibilities | 2.32 | 1.33 | 22.0 |
| Effort8 | I hardly get a moment's rest during the day | 2.57 | 1.27 | 25.4 |
| Reward: Intrinsic value | ||||
| Reward1 | I (don't) feel that family work are worth the effort | 1.64 | 1.04 | 7.4 |
| Reward2 | I often question the meaning of household/family work | 2.31 | 1.24 | 16.9 |
| Reward3 | The work I do for my family (don't) provide a deeper meaning to my life | 1.61 | 0.90 | 4.5 |
| Reward: Societal esteem | ||||
| Reward4 | Roles of housewife and mother are poorly recognized | 2.71 | 1.19 | 25.5 |
| Reward5 | Nowadays, a person is regarded disapprovingly if he/she is "only" involved in household and family work | 2.32 | 1.21 | 18.2 |
| Reward6 | The fact that family work is unpaid seems unjust to me | 2.72 | 1.30 | 28.5 |
| Reward: Recognition from the partner | ||||
| Reward7 | I (don't) obtain appropriate recognition from my partner | 2.10 | 1.28 | 16.6 |
| Reward8 | Often my partner does not notice my work | 2.31 | 1.32 | 21.2 |
| Reward9 | My partner (don't) often thanks me for my work at home | 2.35 | 1.20 | 17.4 |
| Reward: affection from the child(ren) | ||||
| Reward10 | I usually feel (not) the appreciation that I would wish for | 1.95 | 1.13 | 10.5 |
| Reward11 | I (don't) receive a great deal in return from my children | 1.85 | 1.20 | 12.1 |
| Overcommitment | 9.40 | 2.80 | 23.8 | |
| Over1 | I easily run into time pressures | 2.62 | 0.81 | 58.0 |
| Over2 | Already in the morning I begin to worry about family work | 2.64 | 0.94 | 58.3 |
| Over3 | I constantly think about my responsibilities at home | 2.27 | 0.89 | 38.7 |
| Over4 | If I postpone something, I have trouble sleeping at night | 1.88 | 0.84 | 22.3 |
Notes: M = Mean value, SD = Standard deviation, %= Percentage of mothers reporting ERI (ratio > 1), high overcommitment (categories 3 and 4 of response format, sumscore ≥ 12) and high distress due to high effort and low reward (categories 4 and 5 of response format).