Figure 5.

Best mutual strategies of individuals in pair synchronizations depending on the synchronization costs relative to grouping benefits (horizontal axis) and whether the costs are higher for departing too early or too late (vertical axis; after Dostálková & Špinka [27]). If the synchronization costs are large relative to grouping benefits, full synchronization might no longer be the best strategy. If departing too early is less costly than departing too late, animals should be ready to depart before their optimal time but not wait beyond it. If departing too late is less costly than departing too early, animals should be ready to depart before their optimal time but also to wait beyond it.