Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of macrolactones containing a thienyl substituent as simple analogues of epothilones. The compounds were prepared in a brief and efficient manner from thiophene-2-carbaldehyde using a ring-closing metathesis with Grubbs I or Grubbs II catalyst as the key step. The target lactones showed only insignificant cytotoxicity, while an intermediate simple thienyl carbinol showed very promising cytotoxicity.
Keywords: Ring-closing metathesis, Grignard reaction, Macrolactones, MTT assay, Thiophenes
Introduction
The macrolactone scaffold is found in numerous natural products [1, 2] which show a wide range of pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Prominent examples are the 14-membered lactone antibiotics erythromycin and telithromycin, as well as their 15-membered, semisynthetic derivative azithromycin [3], the cytotoxic salicylihalamides (12-membered lactones) [4, 5], the 18-membered cytotoxic antibiotic FD-891 [6] and the epothilones, cytotoxic 16-membered lactones which inhibit microtubule function [7]. Extensive investigations on total syntheses [8] and analysis of structure-activity relationships of epothilones have been performed in the past, and a number of substances from this class have entered clinical studies [9]. Sagopilone, a new clinical candidate from the epothilone family [10], demonstrates that the rather complex methylthiazolylpropenyl residue of native epothilones can be replaced by a simple heteroaromatic residue, in this case a benzothiazole.
This prompted us to investigate a new type of 16-membered lactones bearing a sulphur-containing hetarene, namely a thiophene ring [11], next to the lactone oxygen in analogy to new synthetic epothilones. The target compounds were to be prepared using the ring-closing metathesis methodology we worked out earlier for various furyl macrolactones [12, 13].
Results and Discussion
Thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (1) was reacted in a Grignard reaction with pent-4-enyl-magnesium bromide to give alcohol 2, following a methodology we had worked out earlier for furan derivatives [14, 15]. Secondary alcohol 2 was esterified with undec-10-enoyl chloride to give the ester 3. From this intermediate containing two terminal vinyl groups the macrolactone 4 was prepared in a ring-closing metathesis under high dilution conditions using either Grubbs I catalyst, benzylidene(dichloro)bis(tricyclohexylphosphane)ruthenium, or Grubbs II catalyst, benzylidene[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) 2-imidazolidinylidene]-dichloro(tricyclohexylphosphane)ruthenium. When using Grubbs II catalyst, the reaction proceeded faster than with Grubbs I catalyst (6 h vs. 24 h), for comparable observations see ref. [12, 16, 17].
Both 1st and 2nd generation Grubbs catalysts gave the expected 16-membered lactone 4 as E/Z mixtures (Grubbs I catalyst: E/Z = 66:34; Grubbs II catalyst: E/Z = 77:23). The E/Z isomers could not be separated by flash column chromatography. The ratio of the isomers was determined by GLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The predominating E-isomer was identified by the vicinal coupling constant of both olefinic protons of 3J = 15.3 Hz. Since both olefinic hydrogens showed the same chemical shift, the signal and the coupling constants were verified by computer-aided techniques (NutsPro – NMR Utility Transform Software – Professional, 2D Professional Version – 20020107). The simulated 1H-NMR signal and the simulated coupling constants for the olefinic protons of the E-isomer were in full accordance to the measured signal and coupling constants (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
1H-NMR resonances of the olefinic protons of the E-configurated product 4 (left), and simulated 1H-NMR resonances for the E-isomer with 3J = 15.3 Hz for the coupling of the olefinic protons and 3J = 7.0 Hz for the coupling of the olefinic protons with the neighboring methylene protons.
Since in preliminary screenings lactone 4 showed negligible cytotoxicity, we intended to introduce hydroxy groups into the ring system to enhance structural similarity to the epothilones. The olefinic double bond of the E/Z mixture 4 could be dihydroxylated using a Sharpless dihydroxylation with β-AD-mix® (OsO4, K3Fe(CN)6, K2CO3, (DHQD)2-PHAL) [14, 18] to give an inseparable mixture of the isomeric diols 5.
The resulting lactones as well as the precursors 2 and 3 were tested in an agar diffusion assay against several bacteria and fungi. The compounds showed no significant antimicrobial activities compared to tetracycline or clotrimazol.
The cytotoxicity was determined in a MTT assay on HL-60 cells (human leukaemia cell line) using the method of Mosmann [19]. The macrolactones 4 and 5 exhibited only extremely weak cytotoxic activity. Only the secondary alcohol 2 showed high cytotoxic activity in the low μM range (Tab. 1). Compound 5 was also tested in the NCI single high dose cell panel assays on 59 cell lines, but showed no remarkable selectivity or cytotoxicity in this assay.
Tab. 1.
Cytotoxicity against HL 60 cells.
| compound | IC50 [μM (μg/mL)] | log P (calcd.) |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 6 (1.1) | 3.2 |
| 3 | > 100 | 7.2 |
| 4 | 290 (92.8) | 6.1 |
| 5 | 120 (42.5) | 4.2 |
| cisplatin | 5 (1.5) |
Conclusion
In conclusion, we worked out a short and efficient synthesis of novel thienyl macrolactones related to the epothilones. The resulting lactones 4 and 5 did not show significant anticancer or antimicrobial activities.
We supposed that a reason for the negligible cytotoxic activity of lactone 4 might be its very high lipophilicity, as shown by the calculated log P value (Tab. 1). The log P of 7.2 is much higher than the log P limits defined by Lipinski (−0.4 to +5.6) [20] for drug likeness. In fact, the diol 5 (calculated log P = 4.2) showed increased cytotoxicity compared to 4, but still is far away from being an interesting lead. To our great surprise, the secondary thienyl carbinol 2 showed very interesting cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 6 μM). This reminds us of an accidental observation in previous work [12] where a side-product containing a furyl carbinol showed comparable cytotoxicity.
Work is in progress to gain deeper insight into structure-activity relationships of the interesting class of heteroaryl carbinols and to identify their molecular mode of action.
Experimental
General
Elemental analysis: Heraeus CHN–Rapid; IR-Spectra: Perkin-Elmer FT-IR Paragon 1000; MS: Hewlett Packard MS-Engine; electron ionisation (EI) 70 eV, chemical ionisation (CI) with CH4 (300 eV); NMR: Jeol GSX 400 (1H: 400 MHz, 13C: 100 MHz); melting points: Büchi Melting Point B-540 (not corrected); flash column chromatography (FCC): silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh, E. Merck, Darmstadt); GLC-MS: Shimadzu GC-17 A (carrier: He, oven temperature program: 100–280 °C, 10 °C/min, capillary column: Varian VF-5ms 30 m × 0.25, split injector T = 250 °C, detector T = 260 °C).
(±)-1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-hex-5-en-1-ol (2)
To a mixture of 1.53 g (66.5 mmol) magnesium turnings and an iodine crystal in dry THF (25 mL) was added 6.60 g (44.3 mmol) 1-bromopent-4-ene in two portions. The mixture was heated until the Grignard reaction started. The suspension was heated under reflux for further 1 h.
To a solution of 3.30 g (29.5 mmol) thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (1) in 15 ml dry THF the prepared solution of pent-4-enylmagnesium bromide in THF was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 4 h, than quenched with 30 mL 5 % aqueous NH4Cl solution and extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by FCC (n-hexane/ethyl acetate 5:1) to give 4.30 g (80%) of 2 as a colourless oil. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 1.42 (m, 1H, 3-H), 1.55 (m, 1H, 3-H), 1.85 (m, 2H, 2-H), 2.09 (m, 2H, 4-H), 2.16 (s, 1H, OH), 4.90 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H, 1-H), 4.95 (m, 1H, 6-H), 5.01 (m, 1H, 6-H), 5.79 (m, 1H, 5-H), 6.95 (m, 2H, 2′-H, 3′-H), 7.23 (m, 1H, 4′-H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 25.0 (C-3), 33.4 (C-4), 38.7 (C-2), 70.2 (C-1), 114.8 (C-6), 123.7 (C-5′), 124.5 (C-3′), 126.6 (C-4′), 138.4 (C-5), 148.8 (C-2′). EI-MS m/z (rel. int.): 182 (M+, 100), 164 (M+-18, 30), 97 (75). IR (NaCl, film): ν [cm−1] = 3379, 3074, 2936, 1860, 1640, 1439, 1414, 1066, 1029, 995, 912, 852, 830, 699. Elemental analysis: C10H14OS (182.29). Calcd.: C: 65.89. H: 7.74. S: 17.59. Found: C: 65.71. H: 7.91. S: 17.17.
(±)-1-(Thiophen-2-yl)hex-5-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate (3)
1.60 g (8.80 mmol) of 2 were dissolved in 30 mL dry toluene, 2.10 g (10.6 mmol) undec-10-enoyl chloride and 5 mL N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylamine (EDMA) were added. The mixture was stirred for 5 h and then the solvent was evaporated. The residue was dispersed in 20 mL water and extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4 and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by FCC (n-hexane/ethyl acetate 10:1 to 5:1) to give 1.85 g (60%) of 3 as a colourless oil. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 1.26 (m, 8H, 4 CH2), 1.36 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 1.58 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.89 (m, 1H, CH2), 2.03 (m, 3H, CH2, CH2), 2.09 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.30 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, CH2), 4.96 (m, 4H, 2 =CH2), 5.79 (m, 2H, 2 -CH=), 6.04 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, CH), 6.95 (dd, J = 4.9 Hz, J = 3.4 Hz, 1 H, aromat. CH), 7.03 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 1H, aromat. CH), 7.25 (dd, J = 4.9 Hz, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H, aromat. CH). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 24.8 (CH2), 24.9 (CH2), 28.9 (CH2), 29.0 (CH2), 33.2 (CH2), 33.8 (CH2), 34.5 (CH2), 35.8 (CH2), 70.8 (CH), 114.1 (=CH2), 115.0 (=CH2), 125.1 (aromat. CH-), 125.7 (aromat. CH-), 126.5 (aromat. CH-), 138.2 (=CH-), 139.2 (=CH-), 143.7 (quart. C), 173.1 (CO). EI-MS m/z (rel. int.):348 (M+, 2), 182 (100), 97 (94). Elemental analysis: C21H32O2S (348.55). Calcd.: C: 72.37. H: 9.25. S: 9.20. Found: C: 72.99. H: 9.78. S: 8.60.
(±)-16-(Thiophen-2-yl)-oxacyclohexadec-11-en-2-one (4) (E/Z-mixture)
1.0 g (2.9 mmol) of 3 and 0.16 g (0.20 mmol) of Grubbs I catalyst (or 0.17 g (0.20 mmol) Grubbs II catalyst) were dissolved separately in 5 mL dry toluene each. Using two syringe pumps these solutions were simultaneously added dropwise to 250 mL of boiling dry toluene over a period of 12 h for Grubbs I and of 4 h for Grubbs II catalyst. The mixture was heated under reflux for another 12 hours under a N2-atmosphere for Grubbs I and 2 h for Grubbs II catalyst. Then the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by FCC (n-hexane/ethyl acetate 9:1) to give 690 mg (74% for Grubbs I), 790 mg (86 % for Grubbs II) of 4 as a colourless oil. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, D6-benzene): resonances of the predominating E-isomer: δ (ppm) = 1.28 (m, 10H, 5 CH2), 1.55 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 1.94 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 2.25 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 5.22 (m, 2H, 2 CH= containing a coupling constant of J = 15.3 Hz), 6.32 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 6.90 (dd, J = 4.9 Hz, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H, aromat. CH), 6.99 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H, aromat. CH), 7.20 (m, 1H, aromat. CH). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, D6-benzene): resonances of the predominating E-isomer: δ (ppm) = 25.2 (CH2), 25.6 (CH2), 26.6 (CH2), 27.4 (CH2), 28.1 (CH2), 28.2 (CH2), 28.3 (CH2), 32.0 (CH2), 32.2 (CH2), 34.9 (CH2), 35.7 (CH2), 71.0 (CH), 125.4 (aromat. CH), 126.0 (aromat. CH), 126.5 (aromat. CH), 130.5 (-CH=), 132.0 (-CH=), 143.3 (quart. C), 173.1 (CO). CI-MS m/z (rel. int.): 320 (M+, 15), 110 (100). HR-MS: Calcd.: 320.1810. Found.: 320.1810. Elemental analysis: C19H28O2S (320.50). Calcd.: C: 71.28. H: 8.81 S: 10.00. Found: C: 71.87. H: 9.08. S: 9.90.
(±)-11,12-Dihydroxy-16-(thiophen-2-yl)-oxacyclohexadecan-2-one (5) (mixture of stereoisomers)
250 mg (0.781 mmol) of lactone 4 were dissolved in 50 mL tert.-butanol/water (1:1) and 5.5 g β-AD mix® (Aldrich) were added. The suspension was stirred for 12 h at room temperature. Then it was quenched with 100 mL 5 % aqueous Na2S2O3 solution and extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by FCC (n-hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1) to give 210 mg (76%) of 5 as a colourless oil. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 1.31 (m, 14H, 7 CH2), 1.63 (m, 4H, 2 CH2), 1.99 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.34 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H, CH2), 3.49 (m, 2H, CH), 5.24 (m, 1H, CH), 6.95 (m, 2H, 2 aromat. CH), 7.25 (m, 1H, aromat. CH). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ (ppm) = 23.3–34.0 (11 CH2), 73.6 (CH), 75.7 (CH), 81.5 (CH), 123.1 (aromat. CH), 124.4 (aromat. CH), 126.8 (aromat. CH), 146.3 (quart. C), 179.4 (CO). MS (EI): m/z (%) = 354 (M+, 10), 336 (5), 326 (15), 168 (27), 126 (100), 97 (65). HR-MS: C19H30O4S (354.51). HR-MS: Calcd.: 354.1865 Found: 354.1865.
Fig. 1.
Structures of epothilone B (I) and sagopilone (II)
Sch. 1.
a: THF. b: toluene, EDMA. c: toluene, Grubbs catalyst (1st or 2nd generation), high dilution technique. d: tert.-butanol/H2O, β-AD mix®.
Acknowledgement
We wish to thank Martina Stadler for her technical support. For the in vitro anti-cancer screening of compound 5 the authors thank the staff members of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA.
Footnotes
Authors’ Statement
Competing Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
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