Table 1. Sample Descriptives (Means and Frequencies) by Material Hardship (N=3,223).
| Overall | Hardship at Year 3 | No Hardship at Year 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M or % | (SD) | M or % | (SD) | M or % | (SD) | |
| Any Material Hardship | 40.1 | - | - | |||
| Difficulty Paying Bills | 23.8 | - | - | |||
| Utilities Shut Off | 19.2 | - | - | |||
| Housing Instability | 10.3 | - | - | |||
| Food Hardship | 11.8 | - | - | |||
| Medical Hardship | 4.8 | - | - | |||
| Child Behavior at 5-Year Survey | ||||||
| Externalizing behavior (mean, range = 0-38) | 12.63 | (6.23) | 13.89*** | (6.50) | 11.61 | (5.76) |
| Internalizing behavior (mean, range = 0-26) | 5.32 | (4.26) | 5.99*** | (4.57) | 4.76 | (3.90) |
| Positive behavior (mean, range = 0-18) | 15.58 | (2.65) | 15.47*** | (2.73) | 15.67 | (2.58) |
| Child Behavior at 3-Year Survey | ||||||
| Externalizing behavior (mean, range = 0-30) | 9.68 | (5.86) | 10.67*** | (5.94) | 8.80 | (5.65) |
| Internalizing behavior (mean, range = 0-36) | 8.18 | (5.71) | 8.99*** | (6.04) | 7.46 | (5.29) |
| Positive behavior (mean, range = 0-18) | 15.41 | (2.62) | 15.36* | (2.69) | 15.45 | (2.56) |
| Income-to-needs ratio (mean) | 3.00 | (2.39) | 1.69*** | (1.54) | 3.99 | (2.84) |
| Age | ||||||
| Mother at baby's birth (in years) | 27.25 | (6.06) | 25.51** | (5.6) | 28.22 | (6.36) |
| Father more than 5 years older than mother | 27.5 | 22.4** | 34.3 | |||
| Child's age at first follow-up (in months) | 13.94 | (3.41) | 13.73 | (3.4) | 14.12 | (3.40) |
| Mothers' race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 27.7 | 16.9** | 38.1 | |||
| Black non-Hispanic | 35.4 | 50.1*** | 26.4 | |||
| Hispanic | 30.8 | 29.9 | 29.0 | |||
| Other non-Hispanic | 6.1 | 3.1 | 6.5 | |||
| Parents are of different race/ethnicity | 13.1 | 14.4 | 12.3 | |||
| Mother lived with both parents at age 15 | 52.2 | 38.2* | 57.6 | |||
| Mother's education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 28.3 | 32.1*** | 26.0 | |||
| High school degree | 31.7 | 34.1 | 29.6 | |||
| Some college | 21.4 | 28.3* | 15.4 | |||
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 18.6 | 5.5*** | 29.0 | |||
| Father's education is greater than the mother's | 22.3 | 19.5 | 25.6 | |||
| Relationship with child's father | ||||||
| Married | 50.2 | 34.4* | 59.7 | |||
| Cohabiting | 21.7 | 28.7 | 18.6 | |||
| Single | 28.1 | 36.9* | 21.7 | |||
| Multi-partner fertility | ||||||
| Neither has children with other partners | 59.4 | 44.8*** | 69.7 | |||
| Father has children with other partners | 16.0 | 21.8* | 12.4 | |||
| Mother has children with other partners | 10.4 | 13.9 | 7.5 | |||
| Both have children with other partners | 14.2 | 19.5 | 10.4 | |||
| Child is a boy | 55.4 | 56.4 | 57.3 | |||
| Baby was born low birth weight | 7.7 | 8.8 | 9.0 | |||
| Mother's health is excellent, very good, or good | 92.8 | 90.5 | 93.8 | |||
| Mother has a substance abuse problem | 2.0 | 3.0 | 1.2 | |||
| Mother has depression a | 11.5 | 17.5* | 7.1 | |||
| Mother has anxiety b | 3.3 | 6.5 | 1.0 | |||
| Mother's impulsivity (mean, range=1-4) c† | 1.95 | (.62) | 2.07 | (.63) | 1.92 | (.60) |
| Mother's cognitive score (mean, range=0-15) d† | 6.92 | (2.66) | 6.91 | (2.61) | 7.08 | (2.71) |
| Mother's social support (mean, range=0-6) e | 3.99 | (1.96) | 3.42** | (1.95) | 4.48 | (1.87) |
| Mother is employed | 46.8 | 46.9 | 50.3 | |||
| Mother is an immigrant | 24.3 | 20.5 | 22.7 | |||
| Primary language is Spanish | 15.7 | 16.3 | 11.6 | |||
| N | 3,233 | 1,522 | 1,701 | |||
Note: Variables are from the baseline (just after the baby's birth) or 1-year survey unless noted with a (†) indicating measures that were assessed at the 3-year survey. Percentages and means are weighted. Number of observations are unweighted.
p<0.001;
p<0.01;
p<0.05; for t-statistics testing mean differences between experiencing any hardship and no hardship.
From the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. Indicates whether respondent meets the conservative criteria for depressive symptoms.
From the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form. Indicates whether respondent meets the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder.
From Dickman's Impulsivity Scale.
From the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised (WAIS-R).
Index of 6 questions on social support.