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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012 Apr 1;34(4):814–825. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.008

Table 4. Longitudinal OLS and Residualized Change Regressions Predicting Age 5 Child Outcomes From Material Hardships at Age 3.

Externalizing Internalizing Positive Behavior
OLS RC OLS RC OLS RC
β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE β SE
Material Hardship Index Dimensions 0.23*** 0.04 0.14*** 0.04 0.21*** 0.04 0.21*** 0.04 -0.04 0.04 -0.01 0.04
Difficulty Paying Bills 0.24*** 0.05 0.16** 0.05 0.20*** 0.05 0.20*** 0.05 -0.02 0.05 -0.01 0.05
Utilities Shut Off 0.21*** 0.06 0.16** 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.09 0.06 -0.05 0.05 -0.07 0.06
Housing Instability 0.19* 0.08 0.10 0.07 0.23** 0.08 0.22** 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.07
Medical Hardship −0.05 0.08 −0.05 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.09
Food Hardship 0.16 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.15 0.09 0.14 0.09 -0.02 0.07 0.01 0.08

Note: Not shown here, the models include controls for income-to-needs, age, race, mother lived with both parents at age 15, education, relationship status, multiple partner fertility, child gender, child low birth weight, mother mental and physical health, substance abuse, impulsivity, mother cognitive ability, social support, and city of residence. The residualized change models also include children's scores on earlier measures of the outcome in the model not shown here.

***

p<0.001;

**

p<0.01;

*

p<0.05