Table 5. OLS and Residualized Change Regressions of Long-term Material Hardship and Child Behavior.

	Externalizing				Internalizing				Positive Behavior
	OLS		RC		OLS		RC		OLS		RC
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Material Hardship Index
One Wave	0.16**	0.05	0.12*	0.05	0.22***	0.05	0.25***	0.05	−0.03	0.05	−0.02	0.05
Two Waves	0.40***	0.05	0.29***	0.05	0.38***	0.05	0.37***	0.05	−0.03	0.05	−0.04	0.05
Dimensions
Difficulty Paying Bills
One Wave	0.20***	0.06	0.16**	0.05	0.20***	0.06	0.18**	0.06	−0.04	0.05	−0.01	0.05
Two Waves	0.30***	0.07	0.21**	0.06	0.30***	0.06	0.29***	0.06	−0.04	0.06	−0.07	0.06
Utilities Shut Off
One Wave	0.20***	0.06	0.11*	0.05	0.24***	0.06	0.18**	0.06	−0.05	0.05	−0.10	0.06
Two Waves	0.40***	0.08	0.28***	0.08	0.15	0.08	0.13	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.01	0.07
Housing Instability
One Wave	0.17*	0.07	0.12	0.07	0.19**	0.07	0.16*	0.07	0.02	0.06	0.02	0.06
Two Waves	0.36**	0.12	0.25	0.13	0.33*	0.13	0.35*	0.14	0.17	0.11	0.09	0.12
Medical Hardship
One Wave	0.03	0.09	0.04	0.09	0.20*	0.09	0.23*	0.10	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.08
Two Waves	0.04	0.18	0.08	0.22	−0.10	0.18	−0.05	0.19	0.07	0.20	0.18	0.21
Food Hardship
One Wave	0.24**	0.07	0.14	0.07	0.25**	0.08	0.21**	0.08	−0.02	0.07	0.00	0.07
Two Waves	0.15	0.13	0.10	0.12	0.20	0.14	0.20	0.15	−0.16	0.12	−0.11	0.13

Note: Not shown here, the models include controls for income-to-needs, age, race, mother lived with both parents at age 15, education, relationship status, multiple partner fertility, child gender, child low birth weight, mother mental and physical health, substance abuse, impulsivity, mother cognitive ability, social support, and city of residence. The residualized change models also include children's scores on earlier measures of the outcome in the model not shown here.

^***p<0.001;

^**p<0.01;

^*p<0.05