Table 7.
Studies reporting penile human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in cancer-free men in Europea
| Author | Country | Anatomical site(s) | Population | Sample size | Sampling techniques and detection methods | HPV (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any | 95%CI | High-risk | 95%CI | ||||||
| Bleeker 2005 [54] | The Netherlands | Glans, corona, frenulum and prepuce | Partners of women with CIN | 181 | Cervex brush GP5+/6+ PCR |
72.9 | (65.8-79.3) | 58.5 | (51.0-79.3) |
| Kjaer 2005 [57] | Denmark | Glans and corona | Danish soldiers | 337 | Penile swabs PCR |
33.8 | (28.8-39.2) | ||
| Sirera 2006 [52] | Spain | Coronal sulcus, glans and urethra distal |
HIV+ men (MSM and HS) |
74 (52 MSM 22 HS) |
Cytobrush PCR |
38 (MSM) 32 (HS) |
(25-53) (14-55) |
||
| Van der Snoek 2003 [40] | The Netherlands | Coronal sulcus | STD clinic attendees; MSM HIV+ and HIV- | 258 17HIV+ 241 HIV- |
Dry swab PCR + LiPA |
23.5 (HIV+) 15.8 (HIV-) |
(6.81-49.9) (11.4-21.0) |
||
| Bleeker 2002 [37] | The Netherlands | Glans, corona, frenulum and prepuce | Partners of women with CIN | 119 | Cervex brush GP5+/6+ PCR |
59.0 | (49.4-67.8) | 55.4 | (46.1-67.8) |
| Svare 2002 [39] | Denmark | Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum and perianus | STD clinic attendees | 198 | Scrapping plus pre-wetted swabs GP5+/6+ PCR |
45.0 | (37.9-52.2) | 18.6 | (12.5-52.2) |
| Wikstrom 2000 [58] | Sweden | Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum and perianus | STD clinic attendees | 235 | Scrapping plus pre-wetted swabs GP5+/6+ PCR |
20.4 | (15.3-25.6) | 12.8 | (8.5-17.0) |
| Van Doornum 1994 [49] | The Netherlands | Corona, urethra, anus and rectum | HS STD clinic attendees | 85 | Cotton swab/wooden spatula PCR |
28.2 | (19.0-39.0) | ||
| Forslund 1999 [59] | Sweden | Urethra | Military conscripts and adolescent clinic attendees | 138 | Prewetted brush PCR |
8.7 | (4.6-14.7) | ||
| Hippelainen 1993 [31] | Finland | Glans, prepuce, sulcus, urethral meatus and urethra | Finnish conscripts | 285 | Prewetted brush PCR |
16.5 | (12.4-21.3) | ||
| Franceschi 2002 [60] | Spain | Glans, corona, and urethra | Husbands of women with invasive cervical cancer | 84 | Cotton tipped Swabs PCR |
11.9 | (5.9-20.8) | 1.2 | (0.0-20.8) |
| Husbands of women with cervical carcinoma in situ | 102 | 21.6 | (14.0-30.8) | 6.9 | (2.8-30.8) | ||||
| Husbands of control women | 168 | 3.6 | (1.3-7.6) | 1.8 | (0.4-7.6) | ||||
| Wikstrom 1991 [58] | Sweden | Corona, prepuce, and urethral meatus | STD clinic attendees, men with no history of genital warts | 135 | PCR | 13.3 | (8.1-59.1) | ||
| Barzon 2010 [55] | Italy | Glans/Corona, penile shaft, urethra | Males presenting for screening for STDs, investigation of suspected HPV-related lesions, or because of HPV-positive partners | 947 | Swabs PCR |
Glans/ corona: 43.3 Penile shaft: 58.3 Urethra: 31.0 Semen: 23.9 |
(39.0-47,6) (47.8-68.3) (25.6-36.5) (19.0-28.8) |
12.2 9.4 7.3 5.6 |
(9.32-15.0) (4.38-17.05) (4.2-10.4) (18.9-28.8) |
| Kataoka, 1991 [32] | Sweden | Urethra | Army conscripts | 105 | Brushing PCR |
17.1 | (9.9-24.4) | ||
| Hillman, 1993 [61] | United Kingdom | Urethra Urine |
STD clinic attendees | 100 urethra samples 88 urine specimen |
Cotton-tipped swabs Urine sample PCR |
Urethra: 18.0 Urine: 12.5 |
(10.5-25.5) (5.6-19.4) |
Urethra: 12.0 Urine: 9.1 |
(5.6-18.4) (3.1-15.1) |
| Aynaud, 2002 [53] | France | Semen | Men with normal peniscopy whose female partners have genital HPV lesions | 46 | Ejaculate PCR |
2.2 | (0-6.4) | NI | |
| Aynaud, 2003 [62] | France | Meatal-urethral smears | Men with normal peniscopy whose female partners have genital HPV lesions | 34 | Brushing PCR |
2.9 | (0-8.4) | NI | |
| Giovanelli, 2007 [63] | Italy | Penile shaft, foreskin, coronal sulcus, frenulum, glans, semen | Partners of HPV-positive women | 50 | Cotton-tipped swab, cytobrush, ejaculate PCR |
72.0 | (59.6-84.4) | 56.0 | (42.2-69.8) |
| Benevolo, 2008 [64] | Italy | Penile shaft, prepuce, coronal sulcus, glans, distal urethra | Male partners of women with CIN and/or positive HPV | 71 | Cytobrush PCR |
35.2 | (24.1-46.3) | 31.0 | (20.2-41.7) |
| Bleeker, 2004 [65] | The Netherlands | Glans, corona, sulcus, frenulum, foreskin | Men with female partners, visiting department of dermatology for non-STD complaints | 83 | Brushing PCR |
25.3 | (15.9-34.7) | 19.3 | (10.8-27.8) |
| Castellsagué, 1997 [66] Bosch, 1996 [67] |
Spain | Intrameatal and distal urethra, glans, coronal sulcus | Male partners of women with cervical cancer | 183 | Cotton-tipped swabs | 17.5 | (12.0-23.0) | 15.8 | (10.6-21.1) |
| Male partners of control women | 171 | 3.5 | (0.8-6.3) | 2.3 | (0.1-4.6) | ||||
| Voog, 1997 [68] | Sweden | Glans penis, prepuce | STD clinic attendees | 20 | Cytobrush | 25 | (6.0-44.0) | NI | |
| Strand, 1993 [69] | Sweden | Urethra, glans penis, sulcus, preputium, penile shaft | STD clinic attendees | 65 | Plastic probe + cytobrush | 29.2 | (18.2-40.3) | NI | |
CI confidence interval, CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, MSM men who have sex with men, HS heterosexual, STD sexually transmitted disease
a 26 European countries