Table 1. Phenotypic selection analysis with selection differentials (S), selection gradients (β), quadratic selection coefficients (γ) for phenological traits in each treatment.
| Treatment | Trait | S (SE) | β (SE) | γ (SE) |
| Control | GERM | −0.12 (0.02)*** | −0.11 (0.02)*** | −0.01 (0.02) |
| BT | −0.13 (0.02)*** | −0.17 (0.02)*** | 0.01 (0.01) | |
| INT | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.09 (0.02)*** | −0.05 (0.02)* | |
| ANT | −0.16 (0.02)*** | NE | NE | |
| FLO | 0.01 (0.02) | −1.53 (0.41)*** | 0.26 (0.07)*** | |
| RP | 0.03 (0.02) | 1.07 (0.30)*** | −0.09 (0.04)* | |
| FRR | 0.01 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.26)*** | −0.17 (0.04)*** | |
| Moderate water stress | GERM | −0.10 (0.04)** | −0.19 (0.03) *** | 0.01 (0.02) |
| BT | −0.53 (0.03)*** | −0.64 (0.03) *** | 0.13 (0.04) ** | |
| INT | −0.08 (0.04) | −0.26 (0.03) *** | 0.02 (0.03) | |
| ANT | −0.57 (0.03)*** | NE | NE | |
| FLO | 0.20 (0.04)*** | −0.1 (0.03) *** | −0.06 (0.04) | |
| Severe water stress | GERM | −0.08 (0.05) | −0.36 (0.04) *** | −0.05 (0.02) |
| BT | −0.73 (0.04)*** | −1.35 (0.05) *** | 0.34 (0.03) *** | |
| INT | −0.21 (0.05)*** | −0.57 (0.04) *** | −0.01 (0.04) | |
| ANT | −0.84 (0.04)*** | NE | NE | |
| FLO | 0.25 (0.05)*** | −0.46 (0.04) *** | 0.07 (0.02) | |
| Moderate competition | GERM | −0.16 (0.02)*** | −0.15 (0.02)*** | −0.01 (0.01) |
| BT | −0.19 (0.02)*** | −0.26 (0.02) *** | 0.08 (0.03) ** | |
| INT | −0.14 (0.02)*** | −0.12 (0.02)*** | 0.02 (0.01) | |
| ANT | −0.23 (0.02) | NE | NE | |
| FLO | 0.07 (0.02)** | 0.35 (0.29) | −0.08 (0.06) | |
| RP | 0.06 (0.02)** | −0.18 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.03) | |
| FRR | 0.04 (0.02) | −0.19 (0.21) | 0.02 (0.04) | |
| Intense competition | GERM | −0.14 (0.02)*** | −0.11 (0.03)*** | −0.00 (0.02) |
| BT | −0.2 (0.03)*** | −0.24 (0.03)*** | 0.10 (0.04) * | |
| INT | −0.2 (0.03)*** | −0.19 (0.04) *** | 0.02 (0.04) | |
| ANT | −0.24 (0.03)*** | NE | NE | |
| FLO | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.74 (0.32) * | −0.15 (0.06) * | |
| RP | 0.06 (0.02) | −0.31 (0.16) | 0.02 (0.02) | |
| FRR | 0 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.25) * | 0.04 (0.04) |
GERM: germination timing, BT: bolting time, INT: interval between bolting and anthesis, ANT: anthesis, FLO: flowering, RP: reproductive period duration, FRR: flowering-to-reproductive period ratio. Selection is stabilizing when γ<0 and disruptive when γ>0. Standard errors (SE) are in parentheses. Values in bold indicate significantly different selection coefficients compared to the ‘control’ treatment. Because ANT integrates BT and INT, ANT was not included in polynomial regressions.
*
0.05>P>0.01,
**
0.01>P>0.001,
***
P<0.001. NE: not estimated.