Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Author (publication year) | Setting | Health system | Years | Primary source | Procedures | Multivariate model (number of factors)* | Standardization method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agabiti (2007) | Italy | FFS | 1997–2000 | Claims | THA | N (3) | Age-gender-city |
| Bederman (2011) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 2002–2006 | Claims | LSS | Y (12) | Age-gender |
| Bederman (2009) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 1995–2001 | Claims | LSS | N (2) | None |
| Cookson (2007) | England | NHS | 1991, 2001 | Claims | THA | N (1) | Age-gender-ward |
| Coyte (1997) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 1984–1990 | Claims | TKA | Y (3) | Age-gender-year |
| Coyte (1996) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 1984–1990 | Claims | TKA | N (3) | Age-gender |
| Dixon (2006) | England | NHS | 2000 | Claims | THA, TKA | Y (6) | Age |
| Dunlop (2008) | USA | FFS | 1998–2004 | Surveys | THA, TKA | Y (9) | Age-race |
| Dunlop (2003) | USA | FFS | 1993, 1995 | Surveys | TJA | Y (5) | None |
| Friedman (1995) | USA | FFS | 1980–1987 | Claims | THA | Y (7) | None |
| Hanchate (2008) | USA | FFS | 1994–2004 | Surveys | TKA | Y (9) | None |
| Harris (2009) | NSW, Australia | FFS | 1997–2006 | Claims | THA, TKA, LSS | N (1) | None |
| Hawker (2006) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 1996–1998 | Surveys | THA, TKA | Y (12) | None |
| Jarvholm (2008) | Sweden | NHS | 1987–1999 | Claims | THA, TKA | N (1) | Age-BMI |
| Judge (2009) | England | NHS | 2002 | Claims | THA, TKA | Y (11) | Age-gender-ward |
| Katz (1996) | USA | FFS | 1985–1990 | Claims | TKA | Y (3) | Age |
| Lurie (2003) | USA | FFS | 1996–1997 | Claims | LSS | N (1) | None |
| Majeed (2002) | England | NHS | 1997–1998 | Claims | THA | Y (2) | Age-gender |
| Makela (2010) | Finland | Public | 1998–2005 | Claims | THA | Y (7) | Age-gender |
| McWilliams (2009) | USA | FFS | 1996–2005 | Surveys | TJA | N (1) | None |
| Peterson (1992) | USA | FFS | 1988 | Claims | THA, TKA | Y (2) | Age |
| Skinner (2006) | USA | FFS | 2000 | Surveys | TKA | N (3) | Age-gender-race |
| Steel (2008) | USA | FFS | 2000–2004 | Surveys | THA, TKA | Y (10) | None |
| Wang (2009) | Victoria, Australia | FFS | 2001–2005 | Surveys | THA, TKA | N (5) | None |
| Weinstein (2004) | USA | FFS | 2000–2001 | Claims | THA, TKA, LSS | Y (3) | Age-gender-race |
| Weinstein (2006) | USA | FFS | 1992–2003 | Claims | LSS | N (2) | Age-gender-race |
| Wilson (1994) | USA | FFS | 1980–1988 | Claims | TKA | N (2) | Age |
| Wright (1999) | Ontario, Canada | FFS | 1984–1990 | Claims | TKA | Y (4) | Age-gender |
FFS = fee-for-service; NHS = National Health System; TJA = total joint arthroplasty; LSS = lumbar spinal surgery; N = no; Y = yes; BMI = body mass index.
* Number of factors included in analysis.