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S. aureus biofilm development is inhibited by sphingosine and palmitoyl-d,l-carnitine. S. aureus biofilms were grown in microtiter plates in the presence of either sphingosine (A) or palmitoyl-d,l-carnitine (B). Crystal violet staining was used to quantify the amount of biofilm formed. Planktonic growth (□) and biofilm formation (▩) are expressed as a percentage of control samples (n = 3). *, P < 0.01; **, P < 0.001; ***, P < 0.0001.
