Table 3. Comparison of exposures in LBMs with AIV (H5N1) environmental contamination and in LBMs with no environmental AI (H5N1) contamination, Indonesia, 2007–2008*.
| Exposure | No. positive markets, n = 39 | No. negative markets, n = 44 | OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. ducks other than Muscovy in LBM | ||||
| <11 | 8 | 11 | Reference group | |
| 11–100 | 12 | 16 | 1.03 (0.32–3.35) | 0.959 |
| 101–200 | 2 | 2 | 4.13 (0.16–11.95) | 0.773 |
| >200 | 10 | 2 | 6.88 (1.17–40.38) | 0.033 |
| Muscovy ducks | 28 | 20 | 3.05 (1.22–7.63) | 0.017 |
| Pigeons |
11 |
5 |
3.06 (0.96–9.81) |
0.059 |
| Clear zoning in LBM | 3 | 10 | 0.28 (0.07–1.11) | 0.072 |
| Wooden tables | 23 | 12 | 3.83 (1.53–9.62) | 0.004 |
| Slaughtering in LBM | 36 | 34 | 3.53 (0.89–13.93) | 0.072 |
| Daily solid waste disposal | 24 | 35 | 0.41 (0.16–1.09) | 0.075 |
| Mixing of species in same cage | 13 | 6 | 2.92 (0.98–8.70) | 0.055 |
| Cages stacked vertically |
25 |
33 |
0.38 (0.13–1.10) |
0.069 |
| Province | ||||
| Jakarta | 23 | 8 | Reference group | |
| West Java | 25 | 16 | 4.49 (1.62–12.46) | 0.004 |
| Banten |
6 |
5 |
3.45 (0.82–14.47) |
0.090 |
| Multivariable analysis† | ||||
| Clear zoning in LBM | 0.16 (0.03–0.86)‡ | 0.030 | ||
| Slaughtering in LBM | 6.43 (1.01–40.82)‡ | 0.048 | ||
| Daily solid waste disposal |
0.20 (0.06–0.69)‡ | 0.010 | ||
| Province |
||||
| Jakarta | Reference group | |||
| West Java | 6.83 (2.01–23.19)‡ | 0.002 | ||
| Banten | 2.94 (0.59–14.69)‡ | 0.190 | ||
*LBM, live-bird market; AI, avian influenza; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. †Final model with 4 variables, no. observations = 83, goodness-of-fit tests: residual χ2, p = 0.38; Hosmer and Lemeshow test, p = 0.45. ‡Adjusted OR.