Table. Zoonotic arboviruses identified in western Europe (not including Russia) by serologic testing or isolation*.
| Country | Seropositive† | Virus isolation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | SINV, TBEV, INKV, BATV | SINV, INKV, BATV | (12,16) |
| Finland | SINV, TBEV, TAHV, INKV, BATV | TBEV, INKV, BATV, UUKV | (12) |
| Norway | LIV, TBEV, TAHV, INKV, BATV | SINV, LIV, TBEV, INKV, BATV, UUKV | (12,17) |
| Poland | SINV, WNV, TBEV, UUKV | UUKV | (12,18) |
| Estonia | SINV | (12) | |
| Austria | SINV, SFV, CHIKV, TBEV, USUV, TAHV, BATV | TBEV, USUV, TAHV, BATV | (12,19) |
| Czechoslovakia | SINV, WNV, TBEV, TAHV, BATV, LEDV | SINV, WNV, TBEV, TAHV, BATV, UUKV | (12,20) |
| France | TBEV, WNV, TAHV | TBEV, WNV, TAHV | (12,21) |
| Germany | TBEV, TAHV, BATV | TBEV, TAHV, BATV | (12) |
| Portugal | SINV, CHIKV, WNV, TAHV, BATV, TBEV | WNV | (12,22,23) |
| Spain | SFV, CHIKV, TBEV, SSEV, TAHV | (12,24) | |
| Italy/Sicily | SINV, CHIKV, WNV, TBEV, TAHV, SFSV | SINV, WNV, TBEV, SFSV, TAHV | (12,25) |
| Yugoslavia | SINV, TBEV, TAHV, BATV | TBEV, TAHV, BATV | (25–27) |
| Albania | TBEV, TAHV | (12) | |
| Hungary | WNV, TAHV | WNV, TAHV, UUKV | (20,25) |
| Romania | SINV, SFV, WNV, TBEV | TBEV, WNV, TAHV, BATV, LEDV | (12,17,27) |
| Greece | SINV, TBEV, TAHV, GGEV, CCHFV | CCHFV | (12,28) |
| United Kingdom/Ireland | LIV, SINV, WNV, USUV, TAHV, UUKV | LIV, UUKV | (2,5) |
*Adapted and modified from Lundstrom (12), which contains a more comprehensive list of relevant references. SINV, Sindbis virus; TBEV, tickborne encephalitis virus; INKV, Inkoo virus; BATV, Batai virus; TAHV, Tahyna virus; UUKV, Uukuniemi virus; WNV, West Nile virus; SFV, Semliki Forest virus; CHIKV, Chikungunya virus; USUV, Usutu virus; LEDV, Lednice virus; SSEV, Spanish sheep encephalomyelitis virus; SFSV, sandfly fever Sicilian virus; GGEV, Greek goat encephalomyelitis virus; CCHFV, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; LIV, Louping ill virus. †Positive reactions to dengue virus or yellow fever virus are not included as they are assumed to represent cross-reactions with WNV or other Japanese encephalitis complex flaviviruses.