Table 1.
The adaptive immune system in normal aging, Progeria syndromes and Down syndrome
| Normal aging | Progerias | Down syndrome | |
|---|---|---|---|
| References | [1,3,4,22–24,29] | [7,37–43] | [5,6,8,10–13,19–21,25–28,30–36] |
| T-lymphocytes | |||
| CD3+ T-lymphocytes | Decreased (abs) | HGPS: decr/normal (abs) CS, Werner, XP: normal (abs/rel) |
Decr/normal (abs) |
| CD3+CD4+ Th | Decreased (abs) | HGPS: decr/normal (abs) CS, XP: normal (abs) |
Decreased (abs) |
| CD3+CD8+ Tc | Decreased (abs) | Normal (abs) | Decr/normal (abs) |
| CD4+CD45RA+ (Naive Th) | Decreased (abs) | Decreased (abs) | |
| CD4+CD45RO+ (Memory Th) | Increased (abs) | Normal (abs) | |
| CD8+CD45RA+CD27+ (Naive Tc) | Decreased (abs) | Incr/normal (abs) | |
| CD8+CD45RA+CD27−(Term Diff Tc) | Increased (abs) | Normal (abs) | |
| T-lymphocyte proliferation | Decreased | CS:normal HGPS:decr/normal Werner:decr/normal XP:decr/normal |
Decr/normal |
| Thymus | Abnormal structure | Smaller, abnormal structure | |
| TREC count | Decreased | Decreased | |
| Th1/Th2 ratio | Normal | Increased | |
| CD4/CD8 ratio | Normal | Decreased | Decreased |
| B-lymphocytes | |||
| CD19+ B-lymphocytes |
Normal (abs) | HGPS: incr/normal (abs) Werner: normal (rel) |
Decreased (abs) |
| CD19+CD27+ (Naive B) | Decreased (abs) | Decreased (abs) | |
| CD19+CD27− (Memory B) | Increased (abs) | Normal (abs) | |
| B-lymphocyte proliferation (PWM) | Decreased | HGPS: incr/normal Werner: decr/normal |
Decreased |
| Immunoglobulins | |||
| IgG | Decr/normal | HGPS: decr/normal Werner: normal |
Increased >2yr |
| IgM | Normal | Normal | Decreased |
| IgA | Decr/normal | HGPS: decr/normal Werner: normal |
Normal |
| IgG1 | Normal | Increased > 3yr | |
| IgG2 | Normal | Decreased | |
| IgG3 | Normal | Incr/normal | |
| IgG4 | Normal | Decreased | |
| Auto-antibodies | Increased | HGPS: no increase | Increased |
| Oligo/monoclonal antibodies | Increased | No increase | |
| Escherichia coli antigen | Decreased response | Decreased response | |
| Response to vaccines | |||
| Tetanus | Decreased | Decreased avidity | |
| Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine | Decreased | Decr/normal | |
| Meningococcal conjugate vaccine | Decreased | Decreased | |
| Pertussis vaccine (acellular) | Decreased | Decreased | |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | Decreased | Decr/normal | |
| Hepatitis A vaccine | Decreased | Normal | |
| Influenza vaccine | Decr/normal | Decr/normal | |
| Polio vaccine (oral) | Normal | Decreased | |
| Response to viruses | |||
| CMV | Increased specific T-subsets, increased reactivation | Normal | |
| RSV | Increased risk | Increased risk and severity | |
| Response to bacteria | |||
| Bacterial sepsis | Increased rate | HGPS, Werner: increased rate | Increased rate |
| Mortality/morbidity | Increased rate | Increased rate | Increased rate |
| Auto-immune diseases | |||
| Thyroid | No increase | No increase | Increased |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Increased type 2 | Incr/normal type 2 | Increased type 1 |
| Celiac disease | No increase | Increased | |
| Malignancies | |||
| Hematological | Increased | XP: possible increase | Increased |
| Non-hematological | Increased | Werner: increased XP: increased skin cancer |
No increase |
| Age-related disease | |||
| Osteoporosis | Increased | Increased | No increase |
| Atherosclerosis | Increased | Increased | No increase |
| Alzheimer disease | Increased | Increased | Increased |
| Periodontal disease | Increased | Increased |
Abs = absolute counts; CD = cluster of differentiation; CMV= cytomegalovirus; CS= Cockayne syndrome; decr= decreased; HGPS = Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome; Ig = immunoglobulin; Incr=increased; PWM = pokeweed mitogen; rel= relative counts; RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; TCR = T-cell-receptor; Tc= cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte; Term Diff = terminally differentiated; Th = helper-T-lymphocyte; TREC = T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles; XP= xeroderma pigmentosum; yr = years. Empty column = not described in current literature.