Table 1.
Clinical samples, geographical location, year of collection, and obtained MLVA genotypes from the Dutch Q fever outbreak episodes of 2007 to 2010a
| Sample no., strain, or source | Clinical specimen | Geographical location | Yr | CT value | No. of repeats |
MLVA type | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ms23 | Ms24 | Ms27 | Ms28 | Ms33 | Ms34 | ||||||
| Q012 | Urine | Balgoij | 2008 | 31.7 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q013 | Sputum | Beneden-Leeuwen | 2008 | 31.9 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q014 | Throat swab | Balgoij | 2008 | 31.9 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q015 | Plasma | Grave | 2008 | 34.7 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q032 | Serum | Wijchen | 2008 | 31.7 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q033 | Serum | Nijmegen | 2007 | 30.9 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q034 | BAL fluid | Wijk bij Duurstede | 2008 | 26.6 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | A |
| Q007 | Throat swab | Alverna | 2008 | 31.9 | 6 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | B |
| Q018 | Sputum | Balgoij | 2008 | 34.2 | 6 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 7 | C |
| Q008 | Plasma | Nijmegen | 2008 | 34.4 | 6 | 13 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | D |
| Q042 | BAL fluid | Veldhoven | 2009 | 29.9 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | E |
| Q084 | Aorta valve | Zeeland | 2008 | 17.0 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | E |
| Q102 | Plasma | Nuenen | 2010 | 29.1 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 8 | E |
| Q072 | BAL fluid | Prinsenbeek | 2009 | 32.8 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | F |
| Q050 | BAL fluid | Tilburg | 2009 | 22.4 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q052 | Sputum | Houten | 2009 | 20.7 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q053 | Sputum | Nieuwegein | 2009 | 23.3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q054 | Sputum | Houten | 2009 | 19.4 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q055 | Sputum | Utrecht | 2009 | 26.0 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q057 | Sputum | Houten | 2009 | 20.6 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q063 | Sputum | Ravenstein | 2009 | 29.6 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q064 | BAL fluid | Eindhoven | 2009 | 31.1 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q066 | Sputum | Wijchen | 2009 | 27.7 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q074 | Wound fluid | Groesbeek | 2009 | NA | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q076 | Aorta valve | Druten | 2009 | NA | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q078 | Aorta valve | Standaardbuiten | 2009 | 26.4 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q083 | Thrombus | 's-Hertogenbosch | 2010 | 18.2 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q099 | Abscess fluid | Son | 2010 | 24.6 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q101 | Vascular prosthesis | Handel | 2010 | 22.7 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q103 | Aorta tissue | Venlo | 2010 | 32.3 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q104 | Serum | Wijchen | 2010 | 27.2 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q107 | Aorta valve | Wijchen | 2010 | 9.0 | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Goats (n = 20) | Placenta | Balgoij | 2008 | NA | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Goat | Placenta | Wouda | 2009 | NA | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Goat | Placenta | Denekamp | 2009 | NA | 3 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 7 | G |
| Q056 | BAL fluid | Amersfoort | 2009 | 28.2 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | H |
| Q011 | Throat swab | Balgoij | 2008 | 31.7 | 0 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 7 | P |
| Q019 | Urine | Balgoij | 2008 | 36.8 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | p |
| Q020 | Throat swab | Herpen | 2008 | 38.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q021 | Throat swab | Nijmegen | 2008 | 37.8 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q022 | Throat swab | Nijmegen | 2008 | 37.9 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q067 | Serum | Tilburg | 2009 | 34.5 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q070 | Serum | Tilburg | 2009 | 32.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | p |
| Q075 | Serum | Druten | 2009 | NA | 0 | 11 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q079 | Serum | Standaardbuiten | 2009 | NA | 0 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q080 | Aorta tissue | Standaardbuiten | 2009 | NA | 0 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | p |
| Q089 | Serum | Overloon | 2010 | 34.8 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 7 | p |
| Q098 | Abscess fluid | Son | 2010 | 28.3 | 0 | 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 7 | p |
| Q100 | Wound fluid | Handel | 2010 | 30.5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 7 | p |
| C. burnetii Dugway | ND | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |||||
| C. burnetii RSA 331 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 3 | −1b | 3 | |||||
| C. burnetii RSA 493 | DNA | 9 | 27 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | ||||
| C. burnetii CbuG Q212 | ND | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |||||
| C. burnetii CbuK Q154 | ND | 9 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 2 | |||||
The number of repeats in each marker was determined by extrapolation using the sizes of the obtained fragments relative to those obtained using DNA from the Nine Mile strain (RSA 493). Furthermore, the genotypes of four additional C. burnetii strains, i.e., Dugway (GenBank accession number CP000733), RSA331 (CP000890), CbuG Q212 (CP001019), and CbuK Q154 (CP001020) were determined in silico using the published sequences. NA, results not available; 0, no results obtained; p, partial genotype; ND, number of repeats could not be determined due to apparent sequence assembly errors.
In silico analysis showed 5 fewer repeats than the Nine Mile strain (RSA 493), which by convention was assigned 4 repeats (1).