Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study populations.
| Baseline | Follow-up | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic at enrollment | Percent (n) | Median (5th–95th percentile) | Percent (n) | Median (5th–95th percentile) | ||||
| All | 100 (44,436) | 100 (33,275) | ||||||
| Age (years) | 55.9 (50.7–64.1) | 55.8 (50.7–64.0) | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Women | 52 (23,092) | 53 (17,526) | ||||||
| Men | 48 (21,344) | 47 (15,749) | ||||||
| Years of education | ||||||||
| ≤ 7 | 33 (14,467) | 31 (10,257) | ||||||
| 8–10 | 46 (20,443) | 47 (15,495) | ||||||
| ≥ 11 | 21 (9,526) | 23 (7,523) | ||||||
| Municipality SESa | ||||||||
| Low | 14 (6,268) | 14 (4,517) | ||||||
| Medium | 64 (28,573) | 64 (21,254) | ||||||
| High | 22 (9,595) | 23 (7,504) | ||||||
| Area | ||||||||
| Copenhagen city | 26 (11,486) | 25 (8,258) | ||||||
| Aarhus city | 29 (13,028) | 29 (9,648) | ||||||
| Copenhagen/Aarhus surroundings | 45 (19,922) | 46 (15,369) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 (20.4–32.8) | 25.1 (20.3–32.2) | ||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 36 (15,824) | 37 (12,395) | ||||||
| Former | 28 (12,258) | 28 (9,471) | ||||||
| Current | 37 (16,354) | 34 (11,409) | ||||||
| Drinking alcohol | ||||||||
| No | 2 (958) | 2 (585) | ||||||
| Yes (g/day) | 98 (43,478) | 13.1 (1.00–60.5) | 98 (32,690) | 13.2 (1.20–61.6) | ||||
| Intake of fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 346 (108–798) | 351 (115–799) | ||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| No | 45 (19,902) | 42 (14,085) | ||||||
| Yes (hr/week) | 55 (24,534) | 2.0 (0.5–7.0) | 58 (19,190) | 2.0 (0.5–6.5) | ||||
| NOx measure (µg/m3)b | ||||||||
| NOx, 1 year | 20.2 (14.3–86.8) | 20.0 (14.3–85.4) | ||||||
| NOx, 5 year | 19.6 (14.3–87.5) | 19.3 (14.3–85.7) | ||||||
| NO2, 1 year | 16.3 (12.0–32.6) | 16.2 (12.4–32.5) | ||||||
| NO2, 5 year | 15.6 (11.9–32.7) | 15.6 (12.0–32.2) | ||||||
| NO, 1 year | 3.64 (2.19–54.3) | 3.62 (2.23–52.3) | ||||||
| NO, 5 year | 4.03 (2.24–55.3) | 3.79 (2.34–53.9) | ||||||
| Major roadc within 50 m | ||||||||
| No | 92 (40,973) | 92 (30,763) | ||||||
| Yes | 8 (3,462) | 8 (2,512) | ||||||
| Traffic load within 200 m (103 vehicle km/day) | 2.46 (0.27–15.0) | 2.34 (0.27–14.9) | ||||||
| Road traffic noise (Lden, dB) | 56.3 (48.4–70.0) | 56.1 (48.3–69.9) | ||||||
| Baseline SBP (mmHg) | 136 (108–172) | 134 (108–166) | ||||||
| Baseline DBP (mmHg) | 81 (67–100) | 80 (66–96) | ||||||
| aBased on municipality information on education, work market affiliation, and income. bTime-weighted average concentration at residences at and before enrollment. cMore than 10,000 vehicles per day. | ||||||||