Table 2.
Characteristics of 344 children and their parents by overweight at 6.5 years.a
| Overweight | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | No (n = 252) | Yes (n = 92) | p-Valueb | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| BMI z-score at 6.5 years | –0.03 ± 0.75 | 1.60 ± 0.37 | < 0.01 | |||
| Sex (female) | 133 (52.8) | 45 (48.9) | 0.52 | |||
| Age (years) | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 0.97 | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.5 ± 1.2 | 39.6 ± 1.1 | 0.96 | |||
| Birth weight (g) | 3,210 ± 441 | 3,325 ± 424 | 0.03 | |||
| Breast-feeding (weeks) | ||||||
| < 2 | 49 (19.4) | 15 (16.3) | ||||
| 2–25 | 118 (46.8) | 52 (56.5) | ||||
| > 25 | 85 (33.7) | 25 (27.2) | 0.28 | |||
| Fat intake (% of daily EI) at 6.5 years | 36.0 ± 3.6 | 36.0 ± 3.4 | 0.98 | |||
| Protein intake (% of daily EI) at 6.5 years | 17.2 ± 4.9 | 17.1 ± 4.9 | 0.88 | |||
| Carbohydrate intake (% of daily EI) at 6.5 years | 50.3 ± 13.8 | 50.7 ± 16.5 | 0.83 | |||
| Sleep duration at 6.5 years (hr/day) | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 10.3 ± 0.6 | 0.13 | |||
| TV watching at 6.5 years (hr/week) | 7.5 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 4.6 | 0.48 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age at pregnancy (years) | ||||||
| < 30 | 138 (54.8) | 43 (46.7) | ||||
| 30–35 | 84 (33.3) | 35 (38.1) | ||||
| > 35 | 30 (11.9) | 14 (15.2) | 0.40 | |||
| Parity (nulliparous) | 123 (48.8) | 43 (46.7) | 0.73 | |||
| Prepregnancy BMI > 25 kg/m² | 39 (15.7) | 29 (31.9) | < 0.01 | |||
| Smoking any time in pregnancy (yes) | 83 (32.9) | 41 (44.6) | 0.04 | |||
| Alcohol consumption in pregnancy (yes) | 20 (7.9) | 10 (10.9) | 0.39 | |||
| Diabetes (yes) | 15 (5.9) | 5 (5.4) | 0.85 | |||
| Education more than secondary | 106 (43.3) | 33 (38.4) | 0.45 | |||
| Social class | ||||||
| Nonmanual | 120 (47.6) | 36 (39.1) | ||||
| Manual | 80 (31.7) | 37 (40.2) | ||||
| Unclassified | 52 (20.6) | 19 (20.6) | 0.29 | |||
| Paternal characteristics | ||||||
| Education more than secondary | 81 (32.8) | 37 (41.1) | 0.16 | |||
| Social class | ||||||
| Nonmanual | 85 (33.7) | 33 (35.9) | ||||
| Manual | 162 (64.3) | 57 (61.9) | ||||
| Unclassified | 5 (2.0) | 2 (2.2) | 0.93 | |||
| EI, energy intake. Overweight defined as a BMI z-score ≥ 85th percentile of the WHO reference standard (de Onis et al. 2007).aValues are mean ± SD for continuous and n (%) for categorical variables. bChi-square for categorical variables; t-test (for normally distributed) or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (for non-normal distribution) for continuous variables. | ||||||