Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers and sons according to case–control status of the son, CPP, 1959–1965.
| Characteristic | Cryptorchidism (n = 217) | Hypospadias (n = 197) | Control (n = 557) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race (%) | ||||||
| White | 57.6 | 50.8 | 46.5 | |||
| Black | 41.5 | 43.7 | 47.8 | |||
| Other | 0.9 | 5.6 | 5.7 | |||
| Gestation (week) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 39 (37–40) | 39 (37–41) | 39 (38–40) | |||
| Preterm birth (%) | 19.3 | 20.5 | 13.8 | |||
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 3,232 (2,863–3,629) | 3,147 (2,722–3,487) | 3,260 (2,948–3,600) | |||
| Small for gestational age (%) | 10.7 | 19.9 | 5.0 | |||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 24 (21–30) | 23 (20–29) | 22 (20–28) | |||
| Previous live births (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 26.3 | 31.0 | 30.3 | |||
| 1 | 23.0 | 21.8 | 22.8 | |||
| ≥ 2 | 50.7 | 47.2 | 46.9 | |||
| Season of birth (%) | ||||||
| January–March | 24.4 | 17.3 | 24.6 | |||
| April–June | 28.1 | 25.4 | 24.2 | |||
| July–September | 24.9 | 29.9 | 25.9 | |||
| October–December | 22.6 | 27.4 | 25.3 | |||
| Socioeconomic index | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 4.7 (3.3–6.3) | 4.7 (3.0–6.3) | 4.7 (3.3–6.0) | |||
| Prepregnancy BMI | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 22.2 (20.3–25.0) | 21.8 (19.6–24.2) | 22.2 (20.0–24.9) | |||
| Gestational hypertension (%) | 5.9 | 6.3 | 6.2 | |||
| Maternal smoking status (%) | ||||||
| None | 50.7 | 52.0 | 55.0 | |||
| 1–10 cigarettes per day | 32.3 | 27.0 | 26.7 | |||
| > 10 cigarettes per day | 17.0 | 20.9 | 18.4 | |||
| Study center (%) | ||||||
| Boston, MA | 32.7 | 27.4 | 24.6 | |||
| Buffalo, NY | 7.4 | 4.1 | 3.8 | |||
| New Orleans, LA | 6.5 | 4.1 | 4.7 | |||
| New York City, NYa | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.1 | |||
| Baltimore, MD | 5.5 | 6.1 | 7.9 | |||
| Richmond, VA | 7.4 | 6.1 | 6.1 | |||
| Minneapolis, MN | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.4 | |||
| New York City, NYb | 1.4 | 5.1 | 7.5 | |||
| Portland, OR | 4.1 | 5.6 | 7.2 | |||
| Philadelphia, PA | 15.2 | 23.9 | 17.6 | |||
| Providence, RI | 10.6 | 8.1 | 5.2 | |||
| Memphis, TN | 3.2 | 2.0 | 7.0 | |||
| IQR, interquartile range (quartiles 1–3). aColumbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. bNew York Medical College. | ||||||