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. 2012 Feb 17;8:99–113. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S25665

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© 2012 Hoover-Plow and Gong, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

PMC Copyright notice

Stem cell mobilization and homing. Growth factors and cytokines stimulate the mobilization of the stem cells from their niche to injured tissue.

Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2011–2012. All Rights Reserved.

Notes: Flt-ligand is a growth factor; interleukins refer to interleukin-1, -3, -6, -7, -8, -11, and -12 cytokines; homing factors MCP-3, GRO-1, HGF, FGF-2, and IGF-1 are produced in the heart and promote endogenous and exogenous stem cells homing to the injured tissue; survival and implantation of stem cells in the tissue may result in differentiation, secretion of paracrine factors, and/or stimulation of angiogenesis to restore blood flow and remodel tissue.

Abbreviations: G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; Gm-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SCF, stem cell factor/c-kit ligand; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1; MCP-3, monocyte chemotactic protein-3; GRO-1, growth regulated oncogene 1; HGF, hepatic growth factor; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor.