Table 1.
Recent Studies Using Subcutaneous Implantation
| Article No. | PMID | Year | Author | Cell type | Scaffold | Protein | Duration | Result | Host animal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 21702756 | 2011 | Park52 | — | bMBCP | BMP2 | 8 Weeks | Bone formation only observed with the combination of bMBCP scaffold and BMP2 | Rat |
| 2. | 21118417 | 2011 | Song53 | hPDLSCs | Collagen | BMP2 | 5 Days | BMP2 promoted hPDLSCs to form mineralized cementum and downregulated organized PDL tissue | Mice |
| 3. | 21710441 | 2011 | Janicki54 | Human BMSCs | B-TCP and fibrin glue | — | 8 Weeks | Variable ectopic bone formation observed between human donors | Mice |
| 4. | 21303418 | 2011 | Ma26 | Predifferentiated cell sheets from rabbit BMSCs | B-TCP cylinder | — | 8 Weeks | Highly mineralized bone tissue observed | Rabbit |
| 5. | 20666615 | 2010 | Kempen56 | — | PLGA/poly(propylene fumarate)/gelatin composites | BMP2 | 8 Weeks | Bone only seen in BMP2-loaded composites. Additional treatment with PTH enhanced bone formation in BMP2 groups | Rat |
| 6. | 20925348 | 2010 | Seyedjafari57 | Human cord blood derived MSCs | PLLA and HA-coated PLLA | — | 10 Weeks | Higher ossification and formation of trabeculi observed in HA-coated implants | Mice |
| 7. | 20638718 | 2010 | Wu58 | — | Titanium coated discs (collagen, Ethisorb, PLGA or Polyactive) | BMP2 | 5 Weeks | Collagen and Ethisorb coating increased bone formation | Rat |
| 8. | 20149447 | 2010 | Lee59 | — | aCS | BMP2 | 8 Weeks | BMP2 increased bone formation and rate of bone growth across all groups | Rat |
| 9. | 19866334 | 2010 | Eguchi60 | Mouse osteoblasts/osteoclasts | Polymer discs | BMP2, ETN | 3 Weeks | ETN enhanced the bone-inducing capacity of BMP2 | Mouse |
| 10. | 19918912 | 2010 | Bahar61 | BMSCs | Demineralized (DBM), deproteinized (HABM) or nontreated (MBM) cortical bone cylinders | — | 10 Weeks | Demineralized or nontreated cortical bone cylinders showed progressive mineralization, while deproteinized cylinders did not | Rat |
| 11. | 20636333 | 2010 | Boos62 | Sheep BMSCs | B-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite granules | BMP2 | 12 Weeks | Ectopic bone could be generated using MSCs with β-TCP/HA granules alone. BMP2 increased bone formation | Sheep |
| 12. | 19580831 | 2010 | Zhao35 | — | DBM with or without BMP2 cross-linking | BMP2 | 4 Weeks | The addition of BMP2 cross-linking to DBM resulted in significant bone formation | Rat |
| 13. | 21478102 | 2010 | Götz64 | — | Nano-crystalline hydroylapatite embedded into a silica gel matrix | — | 8 Months | As early as 5 weeks, new bone formation was observed | Mini pig |
| 14. | 20497064 | 2010 | Cui65 | D1 mouse osteoprogenitor cell line overexpressing VEGF or BMP6 | PLGA | — | 3 Weeks | Forced overexpression of VEGF+BMP6 combination led to greatest bone formation | Mouse |
| 15. | 20438297 | 2010 | Byeon66 | cUCB MSCs | B-TCP | — | 84 Days | cUCB MSCs form significant osteoid matrix with ALP positive precursor cells | Dog |
| 16. | 19540582 | 2009 | Zhang67 | C2C12 cells | Nanoparticulates of BSA/polyethylenimine for BMP2 release | BMP2 | 3 Weeks | Nanoparticulate coating was not effective due to cytoxicity. BMP2 alone induced robust ectopic bone | Rat |
| 17. | 19828890 | 2009 | Yang68 | DPSCs transfected with BMP2 | Ceramic | — | 12 Weeks | Only BMP2 transfected cells showed obvious mineralization | Mouse |
| 18. | 19842114 | 2009 | Ben-David69 | Human BMSCs | Gelatin-based hydrogel and ceramic (CaCO3/B-TCP) | — | 8 Weeks | BMSCs showed substantial new bone formation, while scaffolds without cells did not | Mouse |
| 19. | 19890976 | 2009 | Ma31 | Rabbit BMSCs | — | — | 8 Weeks | Sheets of BMSCs without scaffold and form ectopic bone | Mouse |
| 20. | 19335406 | 2009 | Chang71 | Bovine BMSCs | Alginate | — | 30 Weeks | BMSCs showed endochondral bone formation, particularly at high densities | Mouse |
| 21. | 19473144 | 2008 | Matsushima72 | Human BMSCs | HA ceramic or B-TCP | — | 8 Weeks | Greater bone formation observed with HA ceramic than B-TCP | Rat |
| 22. | 18458439 | 2007 | Liu73 | Human BMSCs | B-TCP | — | 12 Weeks | Predifferentiated BMSCs on B-TCP resulted in woven bone as early as 4 weeks | Mouse |
| 23. | 17324591 | 2007 | Cai74 | Mouse BMSCs | Alginate | — | 8 Weeks | Predifferentiation of BMSCs toward ostoegenesis or chondrogenesis resulted in ectopic bone or cartilage, respectively | Mouse |
bMBCP, macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; hPDLSC, human periodontal ligament stem cell; BMSC, bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell; PLGA, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PLLA, poly-l-lactide acid; HA, hydroxyapatite; aCS, absorbable collagen sponge; ETN, etanercept; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; cUCB, canine umbilical cord blood; ALP, alkaline phosphate; BSA, bovine serum albumin; DPSC, dental pulp stem cell.