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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2011 May;241(1):241–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01017.x

Fig. 4. Immune regulatory pathways in the gut induced by AHR ligands.

Fig. 4

AHR ligands such as ITE in the gut either from commensal bacteria or administered orally act directly on T cells and DCs in the gut to induce Foxp3+ iTregs and Foxp3− Tr1 cells. Both Tregs and AHR ligands condition DCs to amplify Treg induction through the production of IL-27 and retinoic acid. AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; ITE, 2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester; DC, dendritic cell; Foxp3, forkhead box protein 3; IL, interleukin; TGF, transforming growth factor; RA, retinoic acid.