Table 1.
Age-Standardized Characteristics of the Cohort.a
| Caffeinated coffee consumption (cupsb)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1/wk | 2–6/wk | 1/d | 2–3/d | ≥4/d | |
| No. of women | 12,215 | 6,617 | 17,234 | 12,290 | 2,383 |
| Mean (SD) | |||||
| Age, y | 62.7 (7.3) | 63.8 (7.0) | 63.3 (7.0) | 62.8 (6.7) | 62.1 (6.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 (5.2) | 26.4 (5.0) | 26.2 (4.9) | 26.0 (4.7) | 25.8 (4.7) |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 18.7 (21.1) | 19.6 (25.5) | 19.3 (22.5) | 18.9 (22.0) | 17.5 (22.0) |
| Daily intake (1994) | |||||
| Total energy, kcal | 1695 (503) | 1720 (503) | 1729 (499) | 1770 (512) | 1791 (533) |
| Alcohol, %energy | 2.9 (4.0) | 3.1 (4.1) | 3.6 (4.3) | 3.9 (4.4) | 3.6 (4.4) |
| Caffeine, mgc | 73 (75) | 127 (110) | 232 (165) | 386 (180) | 649 (220) |
| Decaffeinated coffee, cups | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | 0.3 (1.0) |
| Tea, cups | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.8) |
| Chocolate, bar or packet | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) |
| Caffeinated sugared soft drink, glasses or cans | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Caffeinated low-calorie soft drink, glasses or cans | 0.2(0.6) | 0.2(0.5) | 0.2(0.5) | 0.3(0.6) | 0.2(0.6) |
| % of group | |||||
| MHI-5 scored | |||||
| ≥86 | 45.2 | 44.2 | 43.9 | 42.7 | 44.8 |
| 76–85 | 35.1 | 37.4 | 36.6 | 37.2 | 35.3 |
| 53–75 | 19.5 | 18.2 | 19.3 | 19.9 | 19.4 |
| Caucasian | 97.3 | 97.3 | 98.2 | 98.8 | 99.0 |
| Involved in social/community group, ≥1hr/wk | 67.8 | 66.2 | 61.5 | 59.4 | 54.3 |
| Retired | 49.1 | 49.8 | 48.8 | 49.2 | 50.0 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/Partnership | 81.5 | 81.2 | 79.4 | 78.3 | 73.2 |
| Widowed | 12.4 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 14.1 | 17.4 |
| Separated/divorced/single | 6.1 | 6.2 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 9.4 |
| Current menopausal hormones | 41.4 | 42.3 | 41.3 | 40.0 | 34.6 |
| Reported diagnosis of | |||||
| Myocardial infarction or angina | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.9 |
| High blood pressure | 31.0 | 32.7 | 30.1 | 26.5 | 22.5 |
| Diabetes | 5.3 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 2.5 |
| Cancer | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.8 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | 60.1 | 51.9 | 44.0 | 35.5 | 25.0 |
| Past smoker | 34.9 | 42.8 | 47.5 | 49.0 | 40.3 |
| Current smoker | 5.0 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 15.5 | 34.7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| < 25 | 46.4 | 46.3 | 47.1 | 47.3 | 47.9 |
| 25–29.9 | 32.4 | 33.8 | 33.9 | 34.8 | 34.8 |
| ≥ 30 | 20.9 | 19.7 | 18.8 | 17.7 | 17.1 |
a
All characteristics are for 1996, except if otherwise indicated. Caffeinated coffee consumption was computed as the cumulative average between 1980 through 2002. BMI indicates body-mass index. MET=metabolic equivalents of task.
b
One cup=150 ml.
c
Caffeine was calculated from coffee and non-coffee sources (tea, soft drink, chocolate) and adjusted for total energy intake with residual model.
d
MHI-5 indicates 5-items Mental Health Index score measured in 1996. A higher score denotes a better mental health.