Table 4.
Prevalence (%) of depression among adults aged ≥ 18 years by sleep apnea diagnosis and selected sleep disordered breathing symptoms: NHANES, 2005–2008
| Depression (PHQ-9 criteriaa) | Men |
Women |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %b | ORb (95% CI) | Linear trend P-valuec | % | OR (95% CI) | Linear trend P-value | |
| Sleep apnea diagnosis? | ||||||
| Yes | 10.2 | 2.4 (1.5-3.6) | 28.3 | 5.2 (2.7-9.9) | ||
| No | 4.7 | Referent | 7.8 | Referent | ||
| Snore | ||||||
| Never | 4.9 | Referent | 7.8 | Referent | ||
| 1-2 nights/wk | 3.4 | 0.7 (0.4-1.3) | 7.4 | 1.0 (0.6-1.4) | ||
| 3-4 nights/wk | 4.9 | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 7.1 | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | ||
| ≥ 5 nights/wk | 5.3 | 1.1 (0.7-1.7) | 0.384 | 10.9 | 1.5 (1.0-2.2) | 0.115 |
| Snort/stop breathing | ||||||
| Never | 3.7 | Referent | 7.3 | Referent | ||
| 1-2 nights/wk | 6.3 | 1.8 (1.2-2.7) | 8.9 | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | ||
| 3-4 nights/wk | 8.7 | 2.6 (1.5-4.5) | 18.5 | 3.1 (1.8-5.0) | ||
| ≥ 5 nights/wk | 10.2 | 3.1 (1.8-5.2) | < 0.001 | 18.1 | 3.0 (1.6-5.4) | < 0.001 |
| Depression (PHQ-2 criteriad) | Men |
Women |
||||
| % | OR (95% CI) | Linear trend P-value | % | OR (95% CI) | Linear trend P-value | |
| Sleep apnea diagnosis? | ||||||
| Yes | 8.5 | 1.5 (0.9-2.5) | 24.7 | 4.5 (2.6-7.8) | ||
| No | 5.8 | Referent | 7.4 | Referent | ||
| Snore | ||||||
| Never | 6.9 | Referent | 6.9 | Referent | ||
| 1-2 nights/wk | 4.5 | 0.6 (0.4-1.0) | 6.4 | 0.9 (0.6-1.5) | ||
| 3-4 nights/wk | 5.6 | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | 7.1 | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | ||
| ≥ 5 nights/wk | 6.0 | 0.9 (0.6-1.2) | 0.660 | 10.7 | 1.7 (1.1-2.4) | 0.019 |
| Snort/stop breathing | ||||||
| Never | 5.0 | Referent | 6.9 | Referent | ||
| 1-2 nights/wk | 6.4 | 1.3 (0.8-2.2) | 9.4 | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | ||
| 3-4 nights/wk | 9.6 | 2.1 (1.3-3.3) | 15.1 | 2.5 (1.5-4.0) | ||
| ≥ 5 nights/wk | 10.1 | 2.2 (1.2-3.8) | 0.008 | 17.2 | 2.9 (1.7-5.0) | < 0.001 |
a
Depression based on total score ≥ 10 on full 9-item screener (PHQ-9).
b
Percentages and odds ratios (OR) are weighted and adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, and body mass index.
c
P-value for Wald F test for linear trend by frequency of SDB symptoms.
d
Depression based on total score ≥ 3 on 2-item screener (PHQ-2).