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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurochem. 2012 Feb 6;120(6):1060–1071. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07660.x

Figure 1. Effects of palmitic and oleic acid on TNFα and IL-6 release from cultured astrocytes.

Figure 1

Primary astrocyte cultures were established as described in Methods, and exposed to increasing concentrations of BSA-conjugated palmitic acid (PA) or oleic acid (OA). Release of (A) TNFα, (B) IL-6, and (C) MTT conversion to formazan was measured after 24 h. Data were compiled from 4 separate experiments, and are means and SEM of 20–40 dishes per group. ** and *** indicate significant (p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively) increases in cytokine release from astrocytes treated with palmitic acid as compared to cells treated with BSA alone.