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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2012 Jan;116(1):205–215. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823db712

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The effect of hyperventilation on a normal subject (panel B) and an autonomic failure patient (panel A). In response to hyperventilation the compensatory heart rate (channel 1) response is blunted despite the greater fall of blood pressure (channel 2) in autonomic failure patient compared to a control subject. The muscle sympathetic nerve activity (channel 3) is also diminished in autonomic failure compared to control.The frequency of respiratory rate (channel 4) is increased with hyperventilation. Channels from top to bottom, channel1= heart rate (HR; beats/minute), channel 2= blood pressure (BP; mmHg), channel 3= muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; burst/minute), channel 4= respiratory rate (resp.; breaths/minute).