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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 16.
Published in final edited form as: Vaccine. 2012 Feb 2;30(13):2256–2272. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.070

Table 2.

Formulation factors reviewed elsewhere.

Topic Mechanism of action Key Refs.
“Traditional” molecular adjuvants Activation of innate immunity via traditional ligands of pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors) [50–54]
Route of administration Targeting a specific mucosal compartment [36, 234]
Dose Heterogeneous requirements for protective immunity of target population determined by age, immune status, nutrition [235, 236]
Nature of antigen Molecular size, T cell epitope density, amino acid composition, degradability, lipidation, conformation, phylogenetic distance [42–45, 237]
Receptor targeting Enhanced uptake by a specific subset of relevant antigen presenting cells [46, 47]
Particle size, shape, and charge Clearance from site of injection and accumulation in draining lymph nodes [48, 238]