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Divergence time estimates for major nodes using the Bayesian Markov Monte Carlo method implemented in program BEAST, assuming that the rise of the tropical Andes 16.4–11.2 Myr ago precipitated the split of Pacific coast species from Amazonian species. This constraint is represented by heavy black bars on either side of the node connecting Pacific and Amazonian species. Error bars show the lower and upper bounds of the 95% posterior probability distribution.
