Table 5.
Detection of Respiratory Pathogens by Multiplex PCR of Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens in Case Patients Aged 1–59 Months With Severe or Very Severe Pneumonia and in Controls
| Controls Without URTI (n = 142) |
Controls With URTI (n = 227) |
All Controls (n = 369) |
Case Patients (n = 805) |
aOR for Case Patients vs Controls Without URTI |
aOR for Case Patients vs All Controls |
|||||||
| Pathogen | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI |
| RSV A | 2 | 1.4 | 14 | 6.2 | 16 | 4.3 | 136 | 16.9 | 12.5 | 3.1–51.5 | 3.8 | 2.2–6.6 |
| RSV B | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.3 | 3 | 0.8 | 77 | 9.6 | ∞ | <.001a | 11.9 | 3.7–38.2 |
| Adenovirus | 15 | 10.6 | 13 | 5.7 | 28 | 7.6 | 39 | 4.8 | 0.5 | .3–1.0 | 0.7 | .4–1.2 |
| Rhinovirus | 32 | 22.5 | 50 | 22.0 | 82 | 22.2 | 184 | 22.9 | 1.0 | .6–1.5 | 1.0 | .7–1.3 |
| Parainfluenza 1 | 1 | 0.7 | 4 | 1.8 | 5 | 1.4 | 9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | .2–11.6 | 0.9 | .3–2.7 |
| Parainfluenza 2 | 1 | 0.7 | 7 | 3.1 | 8 | 2.2 | 5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | .1–7.1 | 0.3 | .1–.8 |
| Parainfluenza 3 | 6 | 4.2 | 16 | 7.1 | 22 | 6.0 | 47 | 5.8 | 1.3 | .6–3.2 | 0.9 | .5–1.6 |
| Parainfluenza 4 | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.9 | 4 | 1.1 | 11 | 1.4 | 1.1 | .2–5.0 | 1.4 | .4–4.5 |
| Influenza A | 1 | 0.7 | 4 | 1.8 | 5 | 1.4 | 7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | .2–11.4 | 0.7 | .2–2.2 |
| Influenza B | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.3 | ∞ | 1.0a | ∞ | 1.0a |
| Influenza C | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.4 | ∞ | 1.0a | 0.8 | .1–4.8 |
| Coronavirus 229E | 5 | 3.5 | 10 | 4.4 | 15 | 4.1 | 17 | 2.1 | 0.7 | .3–1.9 | 0.6 | .3–1.1 |
| Coronavirus OC43 | 2 | 1.4 | 9 | 4.0 | 11 | 3.0 | 22 | 2.7 | 2.0 | .5–8.8 | 1.0 | .5–2.1 |
| Coronavirus NL63 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.9 | 2 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.5 | ∞ | 1.0a | 1.0 | .2–5.4 |
| HMPV | 1 | 0.7 | 3 | 1.3 | 4 | 1.1 | 25 | 3.1 | 4.6 | .6–34.4 | 2.8 | .9–8.1 |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 2 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.9 | 4 | 1.1 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | .1–1.9 | 0.5 | .1–2.1 |
| Any pathogen | 59 | 41.6 | 116 | 51.1 | 175 | 47.4 | 489 | 60.8 | … | … | … | … |
| Any virus | 57 | 40.1 | 115 | 50.7 | 172 | 46.6 | 486 | 60.4 | … | … | … | … |
Values in bold indicate significant differences at the P < .05 level; ∞ indicates OR equal to infinity.
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio (OR) (adjusted for age and season); CI, confidence interval; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; URTI, upper respiratory tract infection.
a
P value for case patients vs controls (Fisher's exact t test).