Table 4.
Association of Waterpipe Smoking with Urothelial (UC) and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the Bladder Among Egyptian Men#
| Waterpipe Smoking Factors | Controls* (N=738) | UC cases* (N=235)
|
SCC cases* (N=161)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | OR1 (95% CI) | aOR2 (95% CI) | N | OR1 (95% CI) | aOR2 (95% CI) | |
| status | |||||||
| Never | 463 | 127 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Former | 57 | 25 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 20 | 1.8 (1.0, 3.3) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.1) |
| Current | 218 | 83 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 53 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
| Duration | |||||||
| Never smokers | 463 | 127 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| <13 years | 37 | 6 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) | 5 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.3, 2.0) |
| 13–26 years | 65 | 23 | 1.8 (1.0, 3.1) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 15 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.3) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) |
| 27–39 years | 92 | 36 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 31 | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) |
| >39 years | 81 | 43 | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 22 | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) |
| P trend | 0.11 | 0.31 | |||||
| Hagars per day | |||||||
| Never smokers | 463 | 127 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1 or less | 48 | 24 | 1.8 (1.0, 3.1) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) | 11 | 1.2 (0.6, 3.8) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.8) |
| 2–5 | 147 | 62 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 52 | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.5) |
| 6–9 | 44 | 16 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 4 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) |
| ≥10 | 32 | 5 | 0.5 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 5 | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) |
| P trend | 0.79 | 0.88 | |||||
| Hagar-years | |||||||
| Never smokers | 463 | 127 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 88 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| <30 | 41 | 14 | 1.7 (0.9, 3.3) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.7) | 8 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.3) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) |
| 30–66 | 71 | 36 | 2.0 (1.2, 3.2) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) | 19 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.2) |
| 67–153 | 85 | 27 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 35 | 2.2 (1.4, 3.5) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.1) |
| >153 | 74 | 30 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) | 10 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) |
| P trend | 0.48 | 0.79 | |||||
Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Intervals
1
adjusted for age (in 5-year categories) and governorate of residence
2
adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR): adjusted for age (in 5-year categories), governorate of residence, urban/rural residence, education, history of schistosomiasis, and history of urinary tract infections other than schistosomiasis
#
<5% of women were tobacco users so tobacco use could not be assessed in women
*
Excludes participants who reported smoking cigarettes