| Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) |
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) |
Inhibition of Treg differentiation and maintenance88
|
|
Leptin |
Promotion of Th1 differentiation 16
|
|
Leptin |
Inhibition of Treg proliferation and function 89,17
|
|
| Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) |
(6,12-diformylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole) |
Th17 differentiation and IL-22 production by Th17 cells 40, 41
|
|
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
Promotes Treg induction 40
|
|
Kynurenine |
Promotes Treg induction 38
|
|
| Double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) |
Free fatty acids; palmitic acid |
Promotes Insulin Resistance through inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS-1 33
|
|
| RAR-RXR |
Retinoic Acid |
Promotes intestinal T cell homing 90
|
|
|
Promotes Treg generation 91
|
|
|
Promotes T cell proliferation 92
|
|
|
Promotes Th2 |
|
|
differentiation over Th1 93
|
|
| VDR-RXR |
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3
|
Inhibits lymphocyte |
|
|
proliferation 94
|
|
|
Inhibits IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-2 expression 95
|
|
|
Promotes emergence of Treg 96
|
|
|
Drives anti-microbial peptide expression 97
|
|
|
Promotes T cell expression of CCR10 98
|
|
| GPR120 |
Omega-3-fatty acids |
Inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and chemotaxis in macrophages 99
|
|
| GPR43 |
Acetate |
Promotes resolution of intestinal inflammation 27
|
|
| P2X Receptors |
ATP |
Th17 generation 100
|
