Table 2.

Possible types of surrogate benchmarking and validation experiments

Type	Description
Benchmarking 1	Conservative approach choosing the most resistant, persistent, and robust surrogate without exptl access to the organism
Benchmarking 2	Through a literature review, demonstrating that the surrogate possesses the same exptl attributes as the target pathogen without access to the organism
Benchmarking 3	Demonstrating and documenting the range of surrogate behaviors with confidence limits and then placing the target pathogens in the appropriate range on a full spectrum; does not require access to the target pathogen
Validation	Experimentally comparing the surrogate and the target pathogen under the same conditions in the same laboratory