Table 2.
Biological responses induced via the activation of Nrf2/ARE with mild oxidative stress
| 1) | Increasing the levels of direct antioxidants, such as GSH, CO, and bilirubin. |
| 2) | Stimulating GSH regeneration via glutathione and thioredoxin reductase. |
| 3) | Increasing the levels of enzymes that detoxify oxidants and electrophils (i.e. catalase, SOD, GPx, GSTr, NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), HO-1, HSP70, etc). |
| 4) | Increasing the levels of phase II enzymes. |
| 5) | Inhibiting cytokine-mediated inflammation via the induction of leukotriene B4 reductase. |
| 6) | Reducing iron overload, and subsequent oxidative stress induced via elevated ferritin. |
| 7) | Recognizing, repairing, and removing damaged proteins. |
| 8) | Protection from apoptosis induced via oxidative stress*. |
| 9) | Increasing DNA repair activity*. |