Table 2.

Behavioral ethogram

Behavior	Dur/Freq	Beh. Class1	Definition
Locomoting	Dur	1	Two directed steps in the horizontal and/or vertical plane.
Not Locomoting	Dur	1	Animal is not taking two directed steps in any direction.
Resting	Dur	1	Animal is sitting with eyes closed.
Lying Down	Dur	1	Animal is in a horizontal or flat position along the bottom of the cage.
Inactive	Dur	2	Animal is sitting or standing with eyes open not performing any other behaviors.
Env. Explore	Dur	2	Any tactile or oral, active manipulation of the cage, objects attached or in the cage.
Self-Direct	Dur	2	Any behavior in which the animal manipulates something on its body, such as any biting, picking, scraping, spreading, licking or mouth picking or any sucking of fingers or toes.
Tooth Gnash	Dur	2	A behavior involves grinding of the bottom teeth on the upper teeth.
Lipsmack	Dur	2	Pursing the lips together and moving them together to produce a smacking sound, sometimes accompanied by moaning.
Freeze	Dur	2	A period of at least 3 seconds characterized by tense body posture without vocalizations and movement, other than slow movements of the head.
Coo	Freq	2	Vocalization made by rounding and pursing the lips with an increase and then a decrease in frequency an intesity.
Fear Grimace	Freq	2	A grin-like facial expression involving the retraction of the lips exposing clenched teeth. May be accompanied with flattened ears or stiff huddled body posture.
Yawn	Freq	2	A slow opening of the mouth to an extremely wide position, exposing the teeth.
Bark	Freq	2	Vocalization made by forcing air through vocal chords from the abdomen, producing a short, rasping, low-frequency sound.
Display	Freq	2	Any vigorous shaking of the cage. Animal may perch at the top of the mesh and vigorously rock the cage.
Head-bobbing	Freq	2	Animal is moving entire head side to side and up and down typically seen during hostility.
Eyebrow Flicking	Freq	2	Animal is moving eye-brow up and down typically seen during hostility.
Forward Orient	Dur	3	Animal is facing toward the camera with both eyes open and visible.
Exp. Hostility	Dur	3	Any hostile behaviors directed at the intruder, such as barking, head bobbing, displays and yawns and ear flapping.
No Exp. Behavior	Dur	3	Either there is no experimenter present or the animal is not eliciting any behavior toward the experimenter.

¹All state behaviors within each behavioral class are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.