Table 5.
Association between total hospital stays and location with adjustments for population and practice characteristics
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR* | (99% CI) | P > z | OR | (99% CI) | P > z | OR | (99% CI) | P > z | OR | (99% CI) | P > z | |
| Age and sex | ||||||||||||
| Male < 30 | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||
| Male30_34 | 1.89 | (0.70 5.09) | 0.099 | 1.84 | (0.74 4.56) | 0.084 | 1.52 | (0.77 2.99) | 0.115 | 1.44 | (0.71 2.93) | 0.204 |
| Male35_39 | 1.22 | (0.80 1.87) | 0.228 | 1.21 | (0.80 1.84) | 0.230 | 1.23 | (0.78 1.95) | 0.247 | 1.08 | (0.58 2.01) | 0.753 |
| Male40_44 | 2.75 | (1.00 7.51) | 0.010 | 2.69 | (1.08 6.75) | 0.005 | 1.79 | (1.03 3.13) | 0.007 | 1.85 | (0.99 3.48) | 0.013 |
| Male45_49 | 2.12 | (1.22 3.67) | < 0.001 | 2.12 | (1.23 3.64) | < 0.001 | 1.90 | (1.12 3.24) | 0.002 | 1.80 | (0.99 3.25) | 0.011 |
| Male50_54 | 2.91 | (1.76 4.79) | < 0.001 | 2.87 | (1.79 4.60) | < 0.001 | 2.68 | (1.65 4.36) | < 0.001 | 2.65 | (1.45 4.90) | < 0.001 |
| Male55_59 | 3.93 | (2.68 5.78) | < 0.001 | 3.97 | (2.73 5.80) | < 0.001 | 3.76 | (2.46 5.74) | < 0.001 | 4.08 | (2.35 6.90) | < 0.001 |
| Male60_64 | 6.49 | (3.94 10.68) | < 0.001 | 6.57 | (3.97 10.88) | < 0.001 | 6.35 | (3.60 11.20) | < 0.001 | 5.82 | (3.21 10.68) | < 0.001 |
| Male65_69 | 5.29 | (3.53 7.91) | < 0.001 | 5.38 | (3.65 7.94) | < 0.001 | 4.96 | (3.25 7.59) | < 0.001 | 9.02 | (5.22 15.58) | < 0.001 |
| Male70_74 | 7.57 | (5.01 11.44) | < 0.001 | 7.82 | (5.23 11.70) | < 0.001 | 6.90 | (4.48 10.63) | < 0.001 | 12.11 | (6.91 21.06) | < 0.001 |
| Female < 30 | 0.96 | (0.62 1.47) | 0.787 | 0.98 | (0.64 1.49) | 0.887 | 0.82 | (0.51 1.33) | 0.291 | 0.72 | (0.41 1.26) | 0.130 |
| Female30_34 | 1.90 | (1.24 2.90) | < 0.001 | 1.82 | (1.20 2.75) | < 0.001 | 1.37 | (0.83 2.25) | 0.104 | 1.18 | (0.64 2.12) | 0.500 |
| Female35_39 | 1.71 | (1.10 2.67) | 0.002 | 1.69 | (1.11 2.56) | 0.001 | 1.39 | (0.89 2.16) | 0.056 | 1.50 | (0.80 2.75) | 0.098 |
| Female40_44 | 2.01 | (1.26 3.19) | < 0.001 | 2.01 | (1.29 3.14) | < 0.001 | 1.82 | (1.12 2.96) | 0.002 | 1.63 | (0.94 2.80) | 0.022 |
| Female45_49 | 2.58 | (1.57 4.26) | < 0.001 | 2.65 | (1.61 4.37) | < 0.001 | 2.51 | (1.41 4.46) | < 0.001 | 1.96 | (1.06 3.64) | 0.005 |
| Female50_54 | 3.03 | (1.99 4.62) | < 0.001 | 3.05 | (2.03 4.57) | < 0.001 | 2.92 | (1.85 4.63) | < 0.001 | 3.35 | (1.83 5.94) | < 0.001 |
| Female55_59 | 4.04 | (2.78 5.89) | < 0.001 | 4.02 | (2.80 5.78) | < 0.001 | 3.17 | (2.12 4.75) | < 0.001 | 3.50 | (2.01 6.11) | < 0.001 |
| Female60_64 | 4.50 | (2.82 7.19) | < 0.001 | 4.50 | (2.90 6.98) | < 0.001 | 3.81 | (2.48 5.83) | < 0.001 | 3.87 | (2.28 6.52) | < 0.001 |
| Female65_69 | 4.70 | (2.88 7.68) | < 0.001 | 4.72 | (2.92 7.63) | < 0.001 | 4.40 | (2.43 7.96) | < 0.001 | 7.70 | (3.67 16.15) | < 0.001 |
| Female70_74 | 8.51 | (5.73 12.64) | < 0.001 | 8.53 | (5.81 12.51) | < 0.001 | 8.04 | (5.12 12.63) | < 0.001 | 14.02 | (7.78 25.24) | < 0.001 |
| Location1 | ||||||||||||
| PC | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
| US | 0.85 | (0.69 1.06) | 0.061 | 0.87 | (0.69 1.08) | 0.098 | 0.86 | (0.69 1.08) | 0.088 | |||
| AST | 0.99 | (0.65 1.49) | 0.934 | 0.85 | (0.60 1.19) | 0.204 | 0.97 | (0.65 1.46) | 0.841 | |||
| RST | 0.71 | (0.43 1.19) | 0.089 | 0.69 | (0.44 1.09) | 0.037 | 0.89 | (0.50 1.51) | 0.496 | |||
| VRST | 1.25 | (0.72 2.17) | 0.301 | 1.08 | (0.71 1.67) | 0.625 | 1.26 | (0.67 2.32) | 0.364 | |||
| AR | 0.67 | (0.46 0.98) | 0.006 | 0.69 | (0.51 0.95) | 0.003 | 0.80 | (0.57 1.08) | 0.054 | |||
| RR | 0.80 | (0.46 1.37) | 0.286 | 1.08 | (0.55 2.12) | 0.777 | 1.39 | (0.54 3.49) | 0.388 | |||
| VRR | 0.93 | (0.60 1.44) | 0.659 | 1.04 | (0.73 1.48) | 0.791 | 0.97 | (0.54 1.38) | 0.433 | |||
| Social Class | ||||||||||||
| Intermediate | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
| Professional | 0.42 | (0.27 0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.39 | (0.26 0.58) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Skilled non-manual | 0.93 | (0.69 1.25) | 0.534 | 1.00 | (0.73 1.36) | 0.988 | ||||||
| Skilled manual | 0.95 | (0.72 1.28) | 0.682 | 1.00 | (0.74 1.36) | 0.989 | ||||||
| Partly skilled | 1.07 | (0.77 1.49) | 0.637 | 1.24 | (0.85 1.81) | 0.139 | ||||||
| Unskilled | 1.24 | (0.84 1.86) | 0.154 | 1.28 | (0.85 1.93) | 0.130 | ||||||
| House ownership | ||||||||||||
| Owned | ref. | ref. | ||||||||||
| Publicly rented | 2.19 | (1.70 2.74) | < 0.001 | 2.18 | (1.69 2.81) | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Privately rented | 1.12 | (0.70 1.71) | 0.519 | 1.16 | (0.71 1.90) | 0.443 | ||||||
| Others | 1.44 | (0.81 2.19) | 0.058 | 1.36 | (0.74 2.58) | 0.185 | ||||||
| Practice char. | ||||||||||||
| WTE GPs per 1000 pop. | 1.31 | (0.64 2.68) | 0.332 | |||||||||
| GPs age (mean) | 1.01 | (0.99 1.04) | 0.164 | |||||||||
| Survey year 1998 | 0.37 | (0.30 0.45) | 0.201 | |||||||||
| Log pseudo-likelihood | -36195 | -36152 | -33270 | -29764 | ||||||||
| Sample size | 15435 | 15423 | 14448 | 13019 | ||||||||
| Joint significance of rural | X2(7) = 8.64 | p = 0.278 |
* OR Odds Ratio ref. reference group 1 PC Primary Cities, US Urban Settlements, AST Accessible Small Towns, RST Remote Small Towns, VRST Very Remote Small Towns, AR Accessible Rural, RR Remote Rural, VRR Very Remote Rural. 2 p-values calculated using standard errors clustered by practice