Table 3.
Estimated associations (incidence rate ratios) between neighborhood food environment and dietary intake
| Food Outlet Type | Daily Food Consumption | Child | Adolescent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School | Home | School & Home | School | Home | School & Home | ||
| Fast-food restaurant | Fruits | 1.003 (0.005) | 0.999 (0.006) | 1.002 (0.004) | 1.007 (0.006) | 0.991 (0.007) | 1.000 (0.005) |
| Vegetables | 0.997 (0.006) | 0.992 (0.007) | 0.994 (0.005) | *1.017 (0.008) | 1.004 (0.008) | *1.012 (0.006) | |
| 100% juice | 0.986 (0.009) | 0.995 (0.009) | 0.990 (0.007) | 0.994 (0.010) | 1.000 (0.009) | 0.997 (0.007) | |
| Milk | 0.992 (0.004) | 1.001 (0.005) | 0.996 (0.003) | / | / | / | |
| Soda | 1.006 (0.011) | 1.021 (0.016) | 1.010 (0.010) | 0.989 (0.011) | 1.005 (0.009) | 0.997 (0.008) | |
| High sugar food | 0.998 (0.008) | 1.005 (0.009) | 0.999 (0.006) | 1.029 (0.016) | 0.983 (0.011) | 1.007 (0.010) | |
| Fast food | 0.991 (0.010) | 1.000 (0.012) | 0.998 (0.008) | 0.993 (0.012) | 1.006 (0.012) | 0.995 (0.008) | |
|
| |||||||
| Convenience store | Fruits | 0.986 (0.015) | 1.003 (0.015) | 0.997 (0.011) | 1.000 (0.021) | 1.016 (0.020) | 1.008 (0.015) |
| Vegetables | 1.003 (0.019) | 0.994 (0.019) | 1.002 (0.014) | 0.987 (0.026) | 0.988 (0.022) | 0.986 (0.017) | |
| 100% juice | 0.989 (0.027) | 0.984 (0.026) | 0.984 (0.021) | *0.930 (0.032) | 0.979 (0.027) | 0.961 (0.021) | |
| Milk | 0.993 (0.015) | 1.016 (0.012) | 1.008 (0.010) | / | / | / | |
| Soda | 0.984 (0.036) | 1.051 (0.030) | 1.018 (0.024) | 0.984 (0.039) | *0.936 (0.031) | *0.952 (0.024) | |
| High sugar food | 0.986 (0.027) | 1.015 (0.024) | 0.995 (0.018) | 1.051 (0.055) | 0.986 (0.043) | 1.025 (0.041) | |
| Fast food | 0.987 (0.033) | 0.984 (0.031) | 0.987 (0.023) | 1.005 (0.032) | *0.935 (0.031) | 0.965 (0.023) | |
|
| |||||||
| Small food store | Fruits | 1.002 (0.005) | 1.003 (0.004) | 1.002 (0.003) | 0.996 (0.007) | 0.992 (0.006) | 0.995 (0.004) |
| Vegetables | 1.004 (0.005) | 1.004 (0.005) | 1.003 (0.003) | 1.002 (0.010) | 0.998 (0.005) | 1.001 (0.004) | |
| 100% juice | 1.007 (0.007) | 1.006 (0.008) | 1.005 (0.006) | 0.988 (0.010) | 1.004 (0.006) | 0.999 (0.005) | |
| Milk | 0.998 (0.004) | 0.996 (0.004) | 0.998 (0.002) | / | / | / | |
| Soda | 1.002 (0.011) | 1.001 (0.008) | 1.003 (0.006) | 1.002 (0.009) | 1.009 (0.006) | 1.004 (0.005) | |
| High sugar food | 0.999 (0.007) | 1.010 (0.005) | 1.003 (0.004) | 1.013 (0.015) | 1.008 (0.008) | 1.008 (0.007) | |
| Fast food | 1.006 (0.009) | 0.996 (0.009) | 1.003 (0.007) | 1.010 (0.009) | **1.017 (0.005) | 1.009 (0.005) | |
|
| |||||||
| Grocery store | Fruits | 1.015 (0.015) | 1.002 (0.017) | 1.004 (0.012) | 0.962 (0.028) | 0.982 (0.028) | 0.980 (0.019) |
| Vegetables | 1.015 (0.018) | 0.980 (0.022) | 0.998 (0.015) | 0.995 (0.029) | 0.971 (0.028) | 0.988 (0.020) | |
| 100% juice | 1.030 (0.030) | 1.035 (0.028) | 1.038 (0.021) | 0.947 (0.036) | 0.966 (0.038) | 0.968 (0.028) | |
| Milk | 1.001 (0.015) | 1.001 (0.015) | 1.000 (0.011) | / | / | / | |
| Soda | 1.013 (0.039) | 0.960 (0.042) | 0.987 (0.033) | 1.023 (0.036) | **1.088 (0.031) | 1.050 (0.025) | |
| High sugar food | 1.022 (0.025) | 1.041 (0.025) | 1.019 (0.018) | 0.960 (0.047) | 1.019 (0.048) | 0.988 (0.037) | |
| Fast food | 1.029 (0.035) | 1.010 (0.032) | 1.028 (0.025) | 1.042 (0.043) | *1.083 (0.034) | 1.050 (0.029) | |
|
| |||||||
| Large supermarket | Fruits | 1.009 (0.016) | 1.022 (0.016) | 1.018 (0.012) | 1.020 (0.021) | 1.016 (0.025) | 0.016 (0.017) |
| Vegetables | 0.996 (0.019) | 0.988 (0.020) | 0.986 (0.015) | 1.001 (0.026) | 1.026 (0.024) | 1.008 (0.018) | |
| 100% juice | 0.965 (0.030) | 1.009 (0.028) | 0.991 (0.022) | 1.006 (0.029) | 1.011 (0.030) | 1.000 (0.022) | |
| Milk | 0.993 (0.021) | 1.010 (0.021) | 1.007 (0.017) | / | / | / | |
| Soda | 0.995 (0.035) | *1.078 (0.035) | 1.036 (0.026) | 1.038 (0.039) | 0.988 (0.032) | 1.011 (0.026) | |
| High sugar food | 0.955 (0.024) | 1.043 (0.029) | 0.996 (0.019) | 1.033 (0.040) | 0.928 (0.045) | 0.967 (0.032) | |
| Fast food | 1.008 (0.031) | 1.045 (0.031) | 1.022 (0.025) | 1.060 (0.036) | *0.930 (0.036) | 0.993 (0.026) | |
Note: Sample size is 8,226 for children 5–11 years old and 5,236 for adolescents 12–17 years old. Incidence rate ratio and its standard error (in parenthesis) using negative binomial models are reported. Responses are daily servings of fruit, vegetable, 100% juice, milk, soda, high sugar food, and fast food. Individual covariates in Table 1 and census tract characteristics in Table 2 are controlled. Neighborhood food environment is measured as the counts of a particular type of food outlet (e.g., supermarket) within circular buffer with 0.5-mile radius centering at a student’s school or home. “School & Home” denotes school AND residential food environment measured by the food outlet counts within the total area identified by the school and the home buffer. Statistics are adjusted using CHIS sampling weights. Eicker-Huber-White sandwich estimator is used to calculate standard errors.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01.