Table 4.
Estimated associations between neighborhood food environment and BMI percentile of children and adolescents
| Buffer | Food Outlet Type | Child | Adolescent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| School | Home | School & Home | School | Home | School & Home | ||
| 0.1-mile radius | Fast-food restaurant | −0.0397 (0.0274) | −0.0075 (0.0210) | −0.0235 (0.0308) | −0.0018 (0.0129) | 0.0196 (0.0192) | 0.0057 (0.0107) |
| Convenience store | −0.0094 (0.0334) | 0.0255 (0.0442) | −0.0112 (0.0382) | 0.0344 (0.0356) | 0.0213 (0.0369) | 0.0273 (0.0252) | |
| Small food store | 0.0103 (0.0177) | 0.0027 (0.0197) | 0.0033 (0.0158) | −0.0048 (0.0225) | −0.0459 (0.0251) | −0.0286 (0.0189) | |
| Mid-size grocery store | −0.0228 (0.0389) | 0.0605 (0.0327) | 0.0260 (0.0314) | 0.0259 (0.0374) | −0.0452 (0.0429) | −0.0158 (0.0306) | |
| Large supermarket | −0.0367 (0.0373) | −0.0236 (0.0471) | −0.0631 (0.0396) | 0.0418 (0.0409) | 0.0134 (0.0358) | 0.0323 (0.0285) | |
|
| |||||||
| 0.5-mile radius | Fast-food restaurant | −0.0009 (0.0019) | 0.0017 (0.0031) | −0.0005 (0.0023) | −0.0025 (0.0022) | −.0000 (0.0024) | −0.0010 (0.0016) |
| Convenience store | −0.0006 (0.0058) | 0.0039 (0.0092) | 0.0023 (0.0064) | −0.0060 (0.0073) | 0.0041 (0.0072) | −0.0024 (0.0050) | |
| Small food store | −0.0024 (0.0017) | 0.0028 (0.0035) | 0.0013 (0.0019) | 0.0020 (0.0025) | −0.0003 (0.0019) | 0.0004 (0.0013) | |
| Mid-size grocery store | −0.0040 (0.0058) | 0.0097 (0.0111) | 0.0055 (0.0073) | −0.0068 (0.0076) | −0.0164 * (0.0070) | −0.0082 (0.0048) | |
| Large supermarket | 0.0037 (0.0062) | 0.0090 (0.0091) | 0.0047 (0.0072) | 0.0079 (0.0074) | 0.0051 (0.0077) | 0.0067 (0.0054) | |
|
| |||||||
| 1.0-mile radius | Fast-food restaurant | −0.0003 (0.0009) | 0.0011 (0.0014) | 0.0008 (0.0009) | −0.0005 (0.0010) | 0.0012 (0.0011) | −0.0004 (0.0007) |
| Convenience store | −0.0045 (0.0028) | 0.0031 (0.0042) | −0.0008 (0.0032) | −0.0032 (0.0034) | −0.0026 (0.0035) | −0.0033 (0.0023) | |
| Small food store | −0.0008 (0.0006) | 0.0011 (0.0010) | 0.0004 (0.0005) | −0.0003 (0.0008) | −0.0002 (0.0007) | −0.0001 (0.0004) | |
| Mid-size grocery store | −0.0027 (0.0032) | 0.0030 (0.0051) | 0.0022 (0.0037) | −0.0062 (0.0042) | −0.0038 (0.0039) | −0.0028 (0.0026) | |
| Large supermarket | 0.0014 (0.0032) | 0.0015 (0.0049) | 0.0016 (0.0034) | 0.0021 (0.0038) | 0.0094 * (0.0040) | −0.0002 (0.0027) | |
|
| |||||||
| 1.5-mile radius | Fast-food restaurant | −0.0003 (0.0005) | 0.0005 (0.0008) | 0.0003 (0.0005) | −0.0005 (0.0006) | −0.0001 (0.0006) | −0.0004 (0.0004) |
| Convenience store | −0.0022 (0.0017) | 0.0049 (0.0025) | 0.0013 (0.0019) | −0.0016 (0.0020) | −0.0024 (0.0023) | −0.0008 (0.0014) | |
| Small food store | −0.0003 (0.0003) | 0.0007 (0.0005) | 0.0002 (0.0003) | −0.0001 (0.0004) | −0.0001 (0.0004) | −0.0000 (0.0002) | |
| Mid-size grocery store | −0.0006 (0.0022) | 0.0034 (0.0032) | 0.0024 (0.0023) | −0.0012 (0.0026) | 0.0008 (0.0024) | 0.0001 (0.0016) | |
| Large supermarket | −0.0005 (0.0021) | 0.0010 (0.0031) | 0.0003 (0.0021) | 0.0003 (0.0027) | −0.0012 (0.0029) | −0.0015 (0.0018) | |
Note: Sample size is 8,226 for children 5–11 years old and 5,236 for adolescents 12–17. OLS coefficient and its standard error (in parenthesis) are reported. Response is BMI percentile based on the CDC 2000 BMI-for-age growth chart. Individual covariates in Table 1 and census tract characteristics in Table 2 are controlled. Neighborhood food environment is measured as the counts of a particular type of food outlet (e.g., supermarket) within buffer with certain radius (e.g., 0.1-mile) centering at a student’s school or home. “School & Home” denotes school AND residential food environment measured by the food outlet counts within the total area identified by the school and the home buffer. Statistics are adjusted using CHIS sampling weights. Eicker-Huber-White sandwich estimator is used to calculate standard errors.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01.