. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011 Nov 19;94(1):22–30. doi: 10.1002/bdra.22865

Table 2.

Relationship between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the first trimester and selected birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 10/97–12/04

Defect	N^a	% T1 NVP	Crude OR (CI)	Adjusted OR^b (CI)
CL/P	1,546	64.5	0.83 (0.74–0.93)	0.87 (0.76–0.98)
CP	821	67.0	0.93 (0.79–1.08)	0.93 (0.80–1.09)
NTD	1,038	69.1	1.02 (0.89–1.18)	1.00 (0.86–1.16)
Controls	5,859	68.6	Reference	Reference
Hypospadias^c	1,144	60.5	0.77 (0.67–0.88)	0.84 (0.72–0.98)
Male controls	2,946	66.6	Reference	Reference

NVP=nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, T1=trimester 1, CL/P=cleft lip with or without cleft palate, CP=cleft palate only, NTD=neural tube defect

Number of subjects with completed interviews and data on NVP and medication use.

Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity and education, parity, plurality, previous miscarriage, any smoking in the month before conception through the first trimester, body mass index, any use of folic acid in the month before conception through the first trimester, expected year of delivery and site. CL/P, CP, and NTDs are also adjusted for infant sex.

Hypospadias analysis uses only male controls.