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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2011 Nov 19;94(1):22–30. doi: 10.1002/bdra.22865

Table 6.

Odds ratios of hypospadias in offspring exposed to selected medications in the first trimester among women with first trimester nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 10/97–12/04

Exposed Unexposed Crude Adjustedb
Medication Exposurea Cases Controls Cases Controls OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Antihistamine Antiemetics 26 107 629 1849 0.71 0.46–1.11 0.68 0.43–1.09
      Promethazine 21 78 634 1878 0.80 0.49–1.30 0.78 0.46–1.31
Other Antihistamine 19 54 636 1902 1.05 0.62–1.79 1.05 0.59–1.85
      Diphenhydramine 11 37 644 1919 0.89 0.45–1.75 1.00 0.49–2.07
      Cetirizine 8 17 647 1939 1.41 0.61–3.28 1.12 0.44–2.84
Prokinetetics 6 9 649 1947 2.00 0.71–5.65 1.17 0.39–3.55
      Metoclopramide 6 9 649 1947 2.00 0.71–5.65 1.17 0.39–3.55
5HT3 antagonists 5 19 650 1937 0.78 0.29–2.11 0.55 0.19–1.53
      Ondansetron 5 18 650 1938 0.83 0.31–2.24 0.57 0.20–1.60
Emetrol/Coke syrup 6 15 649 1941 1.20 0.46–3.10 1.05 0.38–2.87
      Phosphorated Carbohydrate Solution 5 15 650 1941 1.00 0.36–2.75 0.94 0.32–2.72
Antacids 40 90 615 1866 1.35 0.92–1.98 0.66 0.43–1.02
      Calcium Carbonate 34 68 621 1888 1.52 1.00–2.32 0.73 0.45–1.18
H2 Blockers 7 15 648 1941 1.40 0.57–3.44 1.07 0.41–2.83
      Ranitidine 4 11 651 1945 1.09 0.34–3.42 0.70 0.20–2.41
Proton Pump Inhibitors 7 5 648 1951 4.22 1.33–13.33 4.36 1.21–15.81
Pyridoxine 8 48 647 1908 0.49 0.23–1.04 0.56 0.25–1.24
Steroids 10 8 645 1948 3.78 1.48–9.61 2.87 1.03–7.97
Herbal/Natural products 30 50 625 1906 1.83 1.15–2.90 1.52 0.92–2.52
      Ginger 4 9 651 1947 1.33 0.41–4.33 0.89 0.23–3.36
      Herbal/Folk remedy 4 5 651 1951 2.40 0.64–8.96 2.26 0.56–9.10
a

Used alone or in combination with other agents; categories are not mutually exclusive. Missing data on medication exposure (<0.7% of subjects) were grouped with the unexposed.

b

Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity and education, parity, plurality, previous miscarriage, any smoking in the month before conception through the first trimester, body mass index, any folic acid use in the month before conception through the first trimester, use of unknown antiemetic, site, and expected year of delivery. N=655 hypospadias cases (599 (91.5%) isolated and 56 (8.5%) multiple defects) and 1956 male controls.