(a)

Disorder	N = patients	Study type	Active agent	Outcome	Reference
UC1	29	RCT	Ispaghula husk	Improved	[226]*
UC1	102	RCT, OL	Plantago Ovata	Nonsuperior	[227]
UC2	10	OL	GBF	Improved	[228]
UC2	18	OL	GBF	Improved	[91]
UC2	21	OL	GBF	Improved	[229]
UC2	40	RCT	GBF	Cytokine decreased	[230]
UC1	59	RCT, OL	GBF	Lower recurrence	[231]
UC2	19	OL	OFS + IN + Bif	Improved clinical endoscopy	[232]
UC and CD1	20 (10 controls)	OL	Lactulose	Adaptation in UC, but not in CD	[233]
UC and CD1	31	OL	Lactulose	No effect, but improved quality of life in UC	[234]
CD2	10	OL	FOS, IN	Improved score	[235]
CD2	10	OL	FOS, IN	Improved	[236]
CD2	103	DBRCT	FOS	No clinical benefit, despite impacting on DC function	[237]
P2	20	DBRCT	IN	Improved inflammation	[238]*
P2	21	OL	Lactose	Decreased bacterial sulfomucins	[239]