Table 1.
Prostaglandins in cancer cell adhesion, migration, and invasion summary table.
| Adhesive factor | Tissue | PG | Biological effect | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadherins | ||||
| ↓E-cadherin | RIE-S | ↑PGE2 | COX-2-mediated PGE2 production in rat intestinal epithelial cells (RIE) downregulates E-cadherin | [88] |
| ↓E-cadherin | SCC | ↑PGE2 | Downregulates E-cadherin through the EP2 receptor during squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) progression | [53] |
| ↑E-cadherin | NSCLC | ↓PGE2 | S-valproate and S-diclofenac increased E-cadherin but reduced vimentin and ZEB1 | [84] |
| ↓E-cadherin | TCC | ↑PGE2 | Reciprocal correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and E-cadherin in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). | [85, 87] |
| ↑E-cadherin | Melanoma | ↑PGE2 | Decrease of TGFβ1-induced EMT properties in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells is associated with regaining E-cadherin expression | [257] |
| ↑E-cadherin | MDCK | ↑PGD2 | Decrease of TGFβ1-induced EMT properties in MDCK cells is associated with regaining E-cadherin expression | [258] |
| ↓VE-cadherin | HLVE | ↓PGI2 | Inhibition of PGI2-mediated human lung vascular endothelial cell (HLVE) responses decreased VE-cadherin expression and increased eosinophil adhesion | [259] |
|
| ||||
| Focal adhesions | ||||
| ↑Actin bundles | HeLa | ↑PGE2 | Examination of cyclooxygenase-dependent actin bundles in HeLa cells. | [144] |
| CREB activation | Raw264.7 | ↑COX2 | Examination of Col-I on the COX-2 expression and the signaling pathways in macrophages. | [145] |
| ↑Focal adhesions | Osteoblasts | ↑COX2 | Focal adhesion promotes fluid shear stress induction of COX-2 and PGE2 release in osteoblasts | [146–148] |
| ↑Focal adhesions | 293-EBNA-HEK | ↑PGF2α | Regulates Rho-mediated morphological changes | [150, 151] |
|
| ||||
| Integrins | ||||
| α 2 β 1 | Caco-2 | ↑LTD4/↑PGE2 | Increased adhesion to collagen I. | [177] |
| β 1 | HT-29 | ↓PGE2 | Decreased adhesion and migration on extracellular matrix | [178] |
| α 3 | Mammary TC | ↓PGE2 | Decreased adhesion to laminin | [179] |
| α 5 β 1 | HLC | ↑PGE2 | Increased adhesion of human lung carcinoma (HLC) cells to fibronectin | [180] |
| αIIbβ 3 | B16a melanoma | ↑12-HETE | Increased adhesion to fibronectin, endothelial cells, and endothelial cell matrix | [182, 183] |