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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jan 21;259(3):329–337. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.01.010

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Proposed signaling pathways involved in NaF-induced apoptosis in mESCs. NaF induces intracellular ROS accumulation, especially H2O2, and this stimulates both p53- and JNK-mediated pathways eventually leading to cell death mainly by apoptosis through the induction of mitochondrial stress, caspase activation, and the increase of GADD45α . Necrotic cell death and cell cycle progression arrest in the G2/M phase also occurred at least in part in the NaF-exposed cells.