Table 1. Ketonization of isovaleric acid or isocaproic acid for MIBK, DIBK and MIAK production.
| Entry | Catalyst | Feed Ratioa | Temperature (K) | Conversion (%)b | Yieldb,c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIBK production | |||||
| 1 | 18%CeO2/Al2O3 | 3.4∶1 | 693 | 98 | 65(8, 42) |
| 2 | 18%CeO2/ZrO2 | 3.4∶1 | 693 | 98 | 57(15, 47) |
| 3 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 693 | 98 | 74(15, 55) |
| 4 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 613 | 92 | 35(2, 30) |
| 5 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 653 | 98 | 65(4, 49) |
| 6 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 733 | 98 | 70(8, 42) |
| 7 | 10%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 693 | 98 | 68(13, 46) |
| 8 | 25%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.4∶1 | 693 | 99 | 77(14, 44) |
| 9 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 1∶1 | 693 | 86 | 41(20, 34) |
| 10 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 2∶1 | 693 | 94 | 59(19, 50) |
| 11 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 4∶1 | 693 | 99 | 84(11, 67) |
| DIBK production | |||||
| 12 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | - | 693 | 64 | 34 |
| 13 | 18%CeO2/Al2O3 | - | 693 | 74 | 14 |
| 14 | 18%CeO2/ZrO2 | - | 693 | 91 | 50 |
| 15 | 18%CeO2/ZrO2 | - | 733 | 98 | 66 |
| 16 | 10%CeO2/ZrO2 | - | 733 | 98 | 62 |
| 17 | 25%CeO2/ZrO2 | - | 733 | 98 | 60 |
| MIAK production | |||||
| 18 | 18%CeO2/Al2O3 | 3.8∶1 | 693 | 96 | 62(9, 43) |
| 19 | 18%CeO2/ZrO2 | 3.8∶1 | 693 | 98 | 71(12, 48) |
| 20 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 693 | 98 | 80(11, 57) |
| 21 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 633 | 88 | 37(4, 36) |
| 22 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 663 | 97 | 71(6, 40) |
| 23 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 723 | 98 | 68(9, 46) |
| 24 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 753 | 99 | 58(8, 45) |
| 25 | 10%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 693 | 96 | 60(9, 49) |
| 26 | 25%CeO2/TiO2 | 3.8∶1 | 693 | 99 | 82(12, 58) |
| 27 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 2∶1 | 693 | 90 | 40(17, 43) |
| 28 | 18%CeO2/TiO2 | 4∶1 | 693 | 99 | 81(9, 62) |
aMolar ratio of acetic acid to isovaleric acid or isocaproic acid.
bDetermined by GC, based on isovaleric acid or isocaproic acid.
cThe data in the brackets are yield of DIBK, acetone, respectively. DIBK or acetone is the byproduct from the self-coupling of isovaleric acid or acetic acid.