Table 3.
Psychotropic pharmaceuticals and other agents shown to be immunosuppressive are listed (left column) alongside their specific suppressive effects (middle column) and describing literary citations (right column). Specific citations are listed in the References section.
| Anti-inflammatory Agent (ID no. marked yellow on individual plots) | Immunosuppressive effect | References |
|---|---|---|
| (1) Mesalazine | Potent and specific inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B. | [24] |
| Anticonvulsants | ||
| (2) Dilantin (phenytoin sodium) | Humoral immune suppressant. | [25] |
| (3) Zonisamide | Suppression of IFN-gamma Production by Lymphocytes. | [26] |
| Atypical Antipsychotics | ||
| (4) Olanzapine (Zyprexa, etc.) | Suppress tumor necrosis factor, (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and upregulates IL-10. | [27] |
| Benzodiazepines: | ||
| (5) Alprazolam ( Xanax) | Inhibits proliferative responses of both B- and T-cells. | [28] |
| (6) Clonazepam | Depression of cellular and humoral immune response. | [29] |
| (7) Diltiazem | Induces direct immunosuppression. | [30]. |
| (8) Diazepam (Valium) | Markedly suppresses Antigen-specific antibody production and T-cell reactivity. | [31] |
| Colesterol Lowering Drugs | ||
| (9) Atorvastatin (Lipitor) | Increases in IL-10 production. IL-10 mediates immune suppression. |
[32] |
| (10) Fenofibrate (reduces lipoproteins) |
A Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist. | [33] |
| (11) Pravastatin | B, lymphocyte and T lymphocyte suppression. | [34] |
| (12) Rosuvastatin (Crestor) | Posttranscriptional level of genetic expression of inflammatory process. | [35] |
| (13) Simvastatin (Zocor) | Mediates induction of Foxp3(+) T Cells Which Mediate Immuno-Suppression. |
[36] |
| Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (Antidepressants) | ||
| (14) Bupropion (Wellbutrin, etc.) | Involved in inhibiting neuroimmunomodulation. | [37] |
| Serotonin—Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs, Antidepressants): | ||
| (15) Venlafaxine | Suppresses proinflammatory cytokines. | [38] |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs, antidepressants): | ||
| (16) Paroxetine (trade names: Seroxat, Paxil) |
Inhibits splenocyte viability. | [39] |
| Decreases CD4 T-helper cells. | [40] | |
| (17) Fluoxetine (Prozac) | Decreases T Lymphocyte Activity. | [41] |
| (18) Sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft) | Suppression of antigen-specific T(H)1 responses. Inhibition of interferon gamma and stimulation of interleukin-10. | [42] |
| (19) Clomipramine | As per sertraline. | [43] |
| (20) Trazodone (Desryl, Oleptro, Beneficat, Deprax, Desirel, Molipaxin, Thombran, Trittico, Mesyrel). |
As per sertaline. | [43] |
| Other Immunnosuppressants (1): | ||
| (21) Amantadine | Inhibits antigen-specific T- and NK-Cell Responses. | [44] |
| (22) Amitriptyline (Elavil, Tryptizol, Laroxyl, Sarotex) |
Decrease in the Proliferation of Slenocytes and in NK Activity. | [45] |
| (23) Clonidine (a direct-acting α2 adrenergic agonist). |
Stimulates production of IL-10 (an anti-Inflammatory cytokine that reduces serum antibody production.) | [46] |
| (24) Depakote (Valproate semisodium used to treat major depressive disorder.) |
Suppresses IL-6- and/or IL-6R-related mechanisms. | [42] |
| (25) Donepezil (Aricept) | Reversible Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor. Suppresses Neuroinflammation of the Brain. | [47] |
| (26) Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) | Chemotherapeutic agent, depletes B cells. | [48] |
| (27) Levoxyl (Levothyroxine, Synthroid). |
Inhibits cytokine production in T cells. | [49] |
| (28) Warfarin (Coumadin) | Suppresses IL-6 secretion. Serves as immunosuppressant. |
[50] |
| Other Immunnosuppressants (2): | ||
| (29) Heroin and Methadone. | Suppression of Cellular and Humoral Immunity. | [51] |
| (30) Morphine. | Suppression of Cellular and Humoral Immunity. | [51] |
| (31) Oxycodone & Propoxyphene | Suppression of Cellular and Humoral Immunity. | [51] |
| (32) Prednisone | Catabolic Steroid. Suppression of Cellular and Humoral Immunity. |