Table 1. Participant characteristics (n=190) by quartiles of HbA1c.
| Characteristic, mean (s.d.) |
Quartiles of HbA1c |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st n=51 | 2nd n=46 | 3rd n=46 | 4th n=47 | |
| HbA1c, (%) | ⩽6.8 | 6.9–7.6 | 7.7–8.2 | >8.2 |
| Women, no. (%) | 24 (47) | 19 (41) | 22 (48) | 22 (47) |
| Age (years) | 60.4 (10.6) | 58.7 (9.2) | 61.5 (10.7) | 58.5 (11.5) |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 5.9 (6.0) | 9.6 (7.7) | 12.9 (9.9) | 10.6 (6.9) |
| Europid, no. (%) | 67 (34) | 74 (34) | 72 (33) | 64 (30) |
| Completed high school, no. (%) | 90 (46) | 89 (41) | 78 (36) | 83 (39) |
| Cardiovascular disease, no. (%) | 10 (20)a | 8 (17)b | 9 (20)b | 7 (15)a |
| Current tobacco use, no. (%) | 4 (8)c | 5 (11)a | 4 (9)a | 5 (11)c |
| Medications | ||||
| Statin use, no. (%) | 38 (75) | 35 (76) | 32 (70) | 33 (70) |
| Insulin use, no. (%) | 4 (8) | 12 (26) | 22 (48) | 26 (55) |
| Metformin, no. (%) | 39 (76) | 42 (91) | 33 (72) | 34 (72) |
| Sulfonylurea, no. (%) | 17 (33) | 20 (43) | 19 (41) | 19 (40) |
| Other OHAd, no. (%) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| One OHA, no. (%) | 33 (65) | 18 (39) | 20 (43) | 17 (36) |
| Two OHA, no. (%) | 17 (33) | 25 (54) | 20 (43) | 24 (51) |
| Three OHA, no. (%) | 1 (2) | 3 (7) | 6 (13) | 6 (13) |
| Daily step counte | 5400 (2700) | 6000 (2200) | 4900 (2200) | 5000 (3100) |
| Anthropometric parameters | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
| Women | 98.4 (14.9) | 96.0 (13.4) | 102.3 (10.3) | 99.7 (13.7) |
| Men | 105.3 (12.2) | 100.6 (14.2) | 104.0 (10.6) | 107.9 (14.6) |
| Hip circumference (cm) | ||||
| Women | 114.4 (14.9) | 110.9 (10.6) | 115.5 (10.7) | 110.7 (11.6) |
| Men | 109.6 (9.8) | 106.1 (13.4) | 107.1 (9.5) | 109.9 (11.6) |
| WHR | ||||
| Women | 0.86 (0.06) | 0.86 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.07) |
| Men | 0.96 (0.06) | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.98 (0.07) | 0.98 (0.06) |
| BMI (kg m−2) | ||||
| Women | 31.4 (6.9) | 29.8 (6.0) | 33.1 (5.3) | 30.0 (4.7) |
| Men | 30.0 (5.0) | 28.8 (6.0) | 30.2 (4.3) | 30.5 (6.5) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
a
Data for two participants missing.
b
Data for four participant missing.
c
Data for one participants missing.
d
Other OHA: meglitinides, thiazolidinediones and incretin agents.
e
Rounded to the nearest hundred steps.